ABT-530, Pibrentasvir

Phase 3 drug, Uncategorized Comments Off

Jun 082016

Pibrentasvir

ABT-530, Pibrentasvir, A 1325912.0

Dimethyl N,N’-([(2R,5R)-1-{3,5-difluoro-4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl}pyrrolidine-2,5-diyl]bis{(6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazole-5,2-diyl)[(2S)-pyrrolidine-2,1-diyl][(2S,3R)-3-methoxy-1-oxobutane-1,2-diyl]})biscarbamate

Methyl {(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-2-{5-[(2R,5R)-1-{3,5-difluoro-4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl}-5-(6-fluoro-2-{(2S)-1-[N-(methoxycarbonyl)-O-methyl-L-threonyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]-6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-methoxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl}carbamate

Dimethyl N,N’-(((2R,5R)-1-(3,5-difluoro-4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-diyl)bis((6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazole-5,2-diyl)((2S)-pyrrolidine-2,1-diyl)((2S,3R)-3-methoxy-1-oxobutane-1,2-diyl)))biscarbamate

Methyl ((2S,3R)-1-((2S)-2-(5-((2R,5R)-1-(3,5-difluoro-4-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)-5-(6-fluoro-2-((2S)-1-(N-(methoxycarbonyl)-O-methyl-L-threonyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methoxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate

Abbott Laboratories INNOVATOR

A protease inhibitor potentially for the treatment of HCV infection.

Hepatitis C virus NS 5 protein inhibitors

CAS No. 1353900-92-1

MF	C57H65F5N10O8

MW 1113.1925 MW

Pibrentasvir

UNII-2WU922TK3L
CLINICAL https://clinicaltrials.gov/search/intervention=A-1325912.0%20OR%20ABT-530%20OR%20Pibrentasvir

Pibrentasvir

SYNTHESIS

PATENT

WO 2012051361

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012051361A1?cl=en

Example 3.52 methyl {(2S,3R)-l-[(2S)-2-{5-[(2R,5R)-l-{3,5-difluoro-4-[4-(4- fluorophenyl)piperidin-l-yl]phenyl}-5-(6-fluoro-2-{(2.S)-l-[A^-(methoxycarbonyl)-0-methyl-L- threonyl]pyiTolidin-2-yl}-l f-benzimidazol-5-yl)pyiTolidin-2-yl]-6-fluoro-l f-benzimidaz yl}pyrrolidin-l-yl]-3-methoxy-l-oxobutan-2-yl}carbamatelH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 12.36 – 12.06 (m, 2H), 7.41 (dd, J = 11.2, 6.3, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J = 10.4, 4.8, 1H), 7.30 – 7.20 (m, 3H), 7.17 – 6.98 (m, 5H), 5.98 – 5.82 (m, 2H), 5.65 – 5.47 (m, 2H), 5.17 – 5.06 (m, 2H), 4.25 (dd, J = 15.6, 8.1, 2H), 3.88 – 3.74 (m, 3H), 3.53 (d, J = 1.3, 6H), 3.49 – 3.38 (m, 2H), 3.31 (d, 1H), 3.25 (d, J = 3.7, 1H), 3.13 (d, J = 1.3, 3H), 3.03 (d, J = 2.3, 3H), 3.00 – 2.84 (m, 3H), 2.60 – 2.53 (m, J = 2.5, 2H), 2.26 – 1.55 (m, 14H), 1.28 – 1.13 (m, 1H), 1.10 – 0.88 (m, 6H). MS (ESI; M+H) m/z = 1113.4.

Intermediate 5

( 15,45)- 1 ,4-bis(4-chloro-3 -nitrophenyl)butane- 1 ,4-diyl dimethanesulfonate Intermediate 5A

2-bromo- 1 -(4-chloro-3 -nitrophenyl)ethanone

Method A:

To a flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar and under an atmosphere of N2 was added 4′- chloro-3 ‘-nitroacetophenone (10.0 g, 50.1 mmol) and THF (100 mL). To this stirring mixture was added portion-wise phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide (19.78 g, 52.6 mmol) over a 15 minutes time period. The resultant mixture was then stirred with monitoring every hour via LCMS. After 3 hours, the mixture was then filtered and resulting solids washed with EtOAc. The organic solution was then concentrated, and 10% aq. NaHCC^ were added, and the mixture was washed with EtOAc (2×300 mL). The combined organic layers were then washed with brine, dried (MgSO^), filtered and concentrated. The residue material was then subjected to purification via crystallization. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL) and hexanes were slowly added until the mixture was cloudy. After standing for a few hours, 2-bromo- l-(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl)ethanone (9.81 g, 70%) was collected as an off white colored solid product. ^!H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-cfe) δ ppm 5.00 (s, 2 H) 7.98 (d, J=8.54 Hz, 1 H) 8.24 (dd, J=8.54, 2.14 Hz, 1 H) 8.61 (d, J=1.98 Hz, 1 H).

Method B:

In a 500 mL round-bottomed flask was added l -(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl)ethanone (1 1.98 g, 60 mmol) in benzene (75 mL) to give a white suspension. Bromine (9.59 g, 60.0 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes to give a deep red solution. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour to give a yellow solution that was concentrated in vacuo to a yellow solid. Recrystallized from 9: 1 hexane/ethyl acetate gave 2-bromo-l -(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl)ethanone as yellow needles.

Intermediate 21

(1 S,4S)-1 -(4-chloro-2-fluoro-5 -nitrophenyl)-4-(4-chloro-3 -nitrophenyl)butane- 1 ,4-diyl

dimethanesulfonate

Intermediate 21 can be made from Intermediate 20B and l-(4-chloro-3-nitrophenyl)ethanone (commercially available from Aldrich) following the general methods to prepare Intermediate 20E.

l-(2,6-difluoro-4-nitrophenyl)piperidin-4-one

The crude 8-(2,6-difluoro-4-nitrophenyl)-l,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane from the preceding procedure was dissolved in 4:1 acetone:water (100 mL). Concentrated HC1 (5 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 8 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to approximately 20 mL, which was carefully added to concentrated aq. NaHCC^ (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na₂S0₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was triturated with Et₂0 and hexanes to give a bright-yellow solid that was collected and dried to provide the title compound (7.13 g, 81%).

PATENT

WO 2015171993

The present invention features crystalline polymorphs of methyl {(2S,3R)-1- [(2S)-2-{5-[(2R,5R)-l-{3,5-difluoro-4 4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidin-l-yl]phenyl}-5-(6-fluoro-2-{(2S)- 1 -[N-(methoxycarbonyl)-0-methyl-L-threonyl]pyrrolidin-2-yl} – 1 H-benzimidazol-5-yl)pyrrolidin- -yl] -6-fluoro- 1 H-benzimidazol-2-yl} pyrrolidin- 1 -yl] -3 -methoxy- 1 -oxobutan-2-

yl} carbamate
, herein “Compound I”). Compound I is a potent HCV NS5A inhibitor and is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0004196, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

//////////1353900-92-1, PHASE 3, ABT-530, Pibrentasvir, ABT 530, A 1325912.0

C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1c2[nH]c3cc(c(cc3n2)[C@H]4CC[C@@H](N4c5cc(c(c(c5)F)N6CCC(CC6)c7ccc(cc7)F)F)c8cc9c(cc8F)[nH]c(n9)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)OC)NC(=O)OC)F)NC(=O)OC)OC

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Validation Studies of Novel 5-(Substituted Aldehyde)-2-imino-7-methyl-3-oxo-N-phenyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide Scaffolds

Uncategorized Comments Off

Jun 072016

synthesis

Procedure for the synthesized derivatives (1-3)

Step 1: The synthesis of Intermediate-1 (2-imino-6-methyl-4- (substituted aldehyde)-N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5- carboxamide): A mixture of substituted aldehyde (0.01 mol), guanidine nitrate (0.015 mol) and acetoacetanilide (0.01 mol) were placed in round bottom flask in methanol (50 ml) and added aluminum chloride (0.003 mol) with 2-3 drops of conc. hydrochloric acid as catalyst amount then the reaction mixture was refluxed for 11-12 hrs after that the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into crushed ice water with vigorous stirring, filtered and recrystallized with methanol [10].

Step 2: The synthesis of 5-(substituted aldehyde)-7-methyl-3-oxo-N-phenyl-2-((3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-tetrahydro-2H-pyran- 2-yl)methylene)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a] pyrimidine-6- carboxamide derivatives: A mixture of intermediate-1 (0.01 mol), sodium benzoate (2 g), dextrose (0.01 mol), glacial acetic acid (20 ml), ethyl acetoacetate (15 ml) and monochloroacetic acid (0.015 mol) were taken in RBF and refluxed with controlled temperature at 140-142°C for 6-7 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and poured into ice cold water to yielded solid precipitate or titled compounds (1-3), filtered and recrystallized with methanol.

Compound 1 (7-Methyl-3-oxo-N-phenyl-2-((3,4,5,6- tetrahydroxy-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methylene)-5-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-6- carboxamide): IR (KBr pellets, cm^-1): 3062 (C-H str., phenyl nucleus), 1596 (C=C str., phenyl nucleus), 694 (C-C str., phenyl nucleus), 1630 (C=O str.,), 3321 (N-H str., 2˚amide), 1630 (N=CH str., pyrimidine), 1244 (C-N str., pyrimidine), 2779 (C-H str., cyclic ether), 1126 (C-O-C str., aryl ether), 3321 (O-H str., polyhydroxy on dextrose), 1244 (C-O-C str., OCH₃); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δppm): 7.45-7.49 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 2.10 (s, 1H, NH, amide), 8.25 (s, 1H, NH, amide), 3.86-4.22 (m, 5H, CH, tetrahydropyran), 2.10 (m, 4H, OH alcohol), 3.86 (m, 9H, OCH₃).

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Validation Studies of Novel 5-(Substituted Aldehyde)-2-imino-7-methyl-3-oxo-N-phenyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide Scaffolds

Jyoti Rani, Monika Saini, Sanjiv Kumar and Prabhakar Kumar Verma^*
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak-124 001, Haryana, India
*Corresponding Author :	Prabhakar Kumar Verma Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak-124 001, Harayana, India Tel: 9992581437 E-mail: vermapk422@rediffmail.com
Received March 07, 2016; Accepted March 29, 2016; Published March 31, 2016
Citation: Rani J, Saini M, Kumar S, Verma PK (2016) Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Validation Studies of Novel 5-(Substituted Aldehyde)-2-imino-7-methyl-3-oxo-N-phenyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide Scaffolds. Med chem (Los Angeles) 6:218-223. doi:10.4172/2161-0444.1000349
Copyright: © 2016 Rani J, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

link

http://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/synthesis-biological-evaluation-and-validation-studies-of-novel-5substituted-aldehyde2imino7methyl3oxonphenyl1235tetrahydroimidazo-2161-0444-1000349.php?aid=71794

///////////// 5-(Substituted Aldehyde)-2-imino-7-methyl-3-oxo-N-phenyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide, Scaffolds

3,5-Dibromo-N-(4,6-difluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide having potent anti-norovirus activity

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Jun 072016

3,5-Dibromo-N-(4,6-difluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide

New and novel anti-norovirus agents

There is an urgent need for structurally novel anti-norovirus agents. In this study, we describe the synthesis, anti-norovirus activity, and structure–activity relationship (SAR) of a series of heterocyclic carboxamide derivatives. Heterocyclic carboxamide 1 (50% effective concentration (EC₅₀)=37 µM) was identified by our screening campaign using the cytopathic effect reduction assay. Initial SAR studies suggested the importance of halogen substituents on the heterocyclic scaffold and identified 3,5-di-boromo-thiophene derivative 2j (EC₅₀=24 µM) and 4,6-di-fluoro-benzothiazole derivative 3j (EC₅₀=5.6 µM) as more potent inhibitors than 1. Moreover, their hybrid compound, 3,5-di-bromo-thiophen-4,6-di-fluoro-benzothiazole 4b, showed the most potent anti-norovirus activity with a EC₅₀ value of 0.53 µM (70-fold more potent than 1). Further investigation suggested that 4b might inhibit intracellular viral replication or the late stage of viral infection.

3,5-Dibromo-N-(4,6-difluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (4b)

According to the same procedure used for 2f, starting from 3,5-dibromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid (286 mg, 1.00 mmol) and 4,6-difluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (204 mg, 1.10 mmol), 4b (270 mg, 60%) was obtained as white powder. mp: 245–246°C. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 7.43 (1H, dt, J=10.2, 2.0 Hz), 7.56 (1H, s), 7.83 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 2.0 Hz). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 102.2 (dd, J=28.0, 23.1 Hz), 104.7 (dd, J=26.4, 3.3 Hz), 114.3, 118.4, 131.4 (d, J=7.4 Hz), 134.3 (d, J=10.7 Hz), 134.9, 135.2, 152.7 (d, J=241.2, 20.7 Hz), 158.3 (dd, J=242.2, 10.7 Hz), 159.0, 159.7. HPLC purity: >99%, ESI-MS m/z 453 [M+H]⁺.

Antiviral Activity and Cytotoxicity of Tetra-halogenated Hybrid Compounds


Compound	R₆	R₇	R₈	EC₅₀ (µM)^a⁾	CC₅₀ (µM)^b⁾
4a	Cl	H	H	2.1	>100
4b	Br	H	Br	0.53	>100
4c	Cl	H	Cl	1.1	>100
4d	Cl	Cl	H	1.4	31

a) EC₅₀ was evaluated by the CPE reduction assay. 280 TCID₅₀/50 µL of MNV and a dilution series of each compound were incubated for 30 min. The mixture was exposed to RAW264.7 cells for 1 h (in duplicate). b) Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the WST-8 assay. RAW264.7 cells were treated with dilution series of each compound (in triplicate) for 72 h.

Discovery and Synthesis of Heterocyclic Carboxamide Derivatives as Potent Anti-norovirus Agents

Mai Ohba^{1) 2)}, Tomoichiro Oka³⁾, Takayuki Ando^{1) 2)}, Saori Arahata⁴⁾, Asaka Ikegaya⁴⁾, Hirotaka Takagi⁵⁾, Naohisa Ogo^{1) 2)}, Kazuhiro Owada²⁾, Fumihiko Kawamori⁴⁾, Qiuhong Wang⁶⁾, Linda J. Saif⁶⁾, Akira Asai¹⁾

1) Center for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka 2) Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Science, Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene 3) Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 4) Department of Microbiology, Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene 5) Division of Biological Safety Control and Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 6) Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University

Released on J-STAGE 20160501

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/64/5/64_c16-00001/_html

How to Kill Norovirus

Three Methods:Killing Norovirus with Good Hygiene Killing Norovirus in Your Home Treating Norovirus Community Q&A

Norovirus is a contagious virus that affects many people each year. You can get norovirus through interaction with an infected person, by eating contaminated food, touching contaminated surfaces, or drinking contaminated water. However, there are ways to kill norovirus before it infects you. To do this, you will have to maintain personal hygiene and keep your home contamination-free.

Method1

Killing Norovirus with Good Hygiene

1
Wash your hands thoroughly. If you think you may have come into contact with the virus, you must wash your hands thoroughly to avoid the spread of infection. To wash your hands to avoid contamination, use soap and hot water. Alcohol hand sanitizer is generally considered ineffective against this particular kind of virus. You should wash your hands if^[1]:
- You have come into contact with someone who has norovirus.
- Before and after you interact with someone with norovirus.
- If you visit a hospital, even if you don’t think you interacted with anyone with norovirus.
- After going to the bathroom.
- Before and after eating.
- If you are a nurse or doctor, wash your hands before and after coming into contact with an infected patient, even if you wear gloves.
2
Avoid cooking for others if you are sick. If you have been infected and are sick, do not handle any food or cook for others in your family. If you do, they are almost certain to get the infection too.
- If a family member is contaminated, do not let them cook for anyone else. Try to limit the amount of time healthy family members spend with the sick family member.
3
Wash your food before eating or cooking it. Wash all food items such as meats, fruits and vegetables thoroughly before consumption or for use in cooking. This is important as norovirus has the tendency to survive even at temperatures well above 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60 degrees Celsius).^[2]
- Remember to carefully wash any vegetables or fruit, before consuming them, whether you prefer them fresh or cooked.
4
Cook your food thoroughly before eating it. Seafood should be cooked thoroughly before eating it. Quick steaming your food will generally not kill the virus, as it can survive the steaming process. Instead, bake or boil your food at temperatures higher than 140F (60C) if you are concerned about it’s origins.^[3]
- If you suspect any kind of food of being contaminated, you should dispose of it immediately. For instance, if a contaminated family member handled the food, you should either throw the food out or isolate it and make sure that only the person who already has the virus eats it.

Method2

Killing Norovirus in Your Home

1
Use bleach to clean surfaces. Chlorine bleach is an effective cleaning agent that kills norovirus. Increase the concentration or buy a new bottle of chlorine bleach if the bleach you have has been open for more than a month. Bleach becomes less effective the longer it remains open. Before applying bleach to a visible surface, test it somewhere that is not easily seen to make sure that it won’t damage the surface. If the surface is damaged by bleach, you can also use phenolic solutions, such as Pine-Sol, to clean the surface. There are certain concentrations of chlorine bleach you can use for different surfaces.^[4]
- For stainless steel surfaces and items used for food consumption: Dissolve one tablespoon of bleach in a gallon of water and clean the stainless steel.
- For non-porous surfaces like countertops, sinks, or tile floors: Dissolve one third of a cup of bleach in a gallon of water.
- For porous surfaces, like wooden floors: Dissolve one and two thirds of a cup of bleach in a gallon of water.
2
Rinse surfaces with clean water after using bleach. After cleaning the surfaces, leave the solution to work for 10 to 20 minutes. After the time period elapses, rinse the surface with clean water. After these two steps, close off the area, and leave it like that for one hour.
- Leave the windows open, if possible, as breathing in bleach can be hazardous to your health.
3
Clean areas exposed to feces or vomit. For areas exposed to feces or vomit contamination there are special cleaning procedures that you should try to follow. This is because the vomit or feces of a person contaminated with norovirus can easily cause you to become infected. To clean the vomit or feces:
- Put disposable gloves on. Consider wearing a facemask that covers your mouth and nose as well.
- Using paper towels, gently clean the vomit and feces. Be careful not to splash or drip while cleaning.
- Use disposable cloths to clean and disinfect the entire area with chlorine bleach.
- Use sealed plastic bags to dispose of all the waste materials.
4
Clean your carpets. If the feces or vomit gets on a carpeted area, there are other steps you can take to make sure that the area is clean and disinfected. To clean the carpeted area:
- Wear disposable gloves if you can while cleaning the carpets. You should also consider wearing a facemask that covers your mouth and nose.
- Use any absorbent material to clean all the visible feces or vomit. Place all contaminated materials in a plastic bag to prevent aerosols from forming. The bag should be sealed and put into the garbage can.
- The carpet should then be cleaned with steam at 170 degrees Fahrenheit (76 degrees Celsius) for about five minutes, or, if you want to save time, clean the carpet for one minute with 212 degrees Fahrenheit (100 degrees Celsius) steam.
5
Disinfect clothing. If any of your clothing or a family member’s clothing has become contaminated, or is suspected of having been contaminated, you should take care when washing the fabric. To clean clothing and linens:
- Remove any traces of vomit or feces by wiping it away with paper towels or a disposable absorbent material.
- Put the contaminated clothing into the washing machine in a pre-wash cycle. After this stage is complete, wash the clothes using a regular washing cycle and detergent. The clothes should be dried separately from the uncontaminated clothes. A drying temperature exceeding 170 degrees Fahrenheit is recommended.
- Do not wash contaminated clothing with uncontaminated cleaning.

Method3

Treating Norovirus

1
Recognize symptoms. If you think you may have been infected with norovirus, it is helpful to know what symptoms to look for. If you do have the virus, the following steps will help you to deal with the illness while it lasts. Symptoms include^[5]:
- Fever. Just like in any other infection, the norovirus infection will cause fever. Fever is a way in which the body fights infection. The body temperature will rise, making the virus more vulnerable to the immune system. Your body temperature will most likely rise above 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) when suffering from a Norovirus infection.
- Headaches. High body temperatures will cause blood vessels to dilate in your entire body, including your head. The high amount of blood inside your head will cause pressure to build up, and the protective membranes covering your brain will suffer inflammation and become painful.
- Stomach cramps. Norovirus infections usually settle in the stomach. Your stomach may become inflamed, causing pain.
- Diarrhea. Diarrhea is a common symptom of Norovirus contamination. It occurs as a defense mechanism, through which the body is trying to flush out the virus.
- Vomiting. Vomiting is another common symptom of an infection with Norovirus. Like in the case of diarrhea, the body is trying to eliminate the virus from the system by vomiting.
2
Understand that while there is no treatment, there are ways to manage symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no specific drug that acts against the virus. However, you can combat the symptoms that the norovirus causes. Remember that the virus is self-limiting, which means that it generally goes away on its own.
- The virus generally lasts for a few days to a week.
3
Drink lots of fluids. Consuming a lot of water and other fluids will help to keep you hydrated. This can help to keep your fever low and your headaches to a minimum. It is also important to drink water if you have been vomiting or have had diarrhea. When these too symptoms occur, it is very likely that you will become dehydrated.
- If you get bored with water, you can drink ginger tea, which may help to manage your stomach pains while also hydrating you.
4
Consider taking anti-vomiting drugs. Anti-emetic (vomit-preventing) drugs such as ondansetron and domperidone can be given to provide symptomatic relief if you are vomiting frequently.^[6]
- However, keep in mind that these drugs can only be obtained with a prescription from your doctor.
5

Seek medical help if the infection is severe. As mentioned above, most infections subside after a few days. If the virus persists for longer than a week, you should consider seeking medical help. This is particularly important if the person who is sick is a child or elderly person, or a person with lowered immunity

////////////norovirus, heterocyclic carboxamide, antiviral activity, murine norovirus

Brc1cc(Br)sc1C(=O)Nc2nc3c(F)cc(F)cc3s2

Cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine

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Jun 062016

NMR Data of Cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine (4)


Position	¹H-NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) HOD=4.79	¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, D₂O) DSS^a)=−2.04	HMBC correlation
1	—	177.1	C2-Ha, Hb
2	a: 2.49 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 16.0 Hz)	40.9	C3-H, C4-Ha
	b: 2.63 (1H, dd, J=5.6, 16.0 Hz)
3	5.63 (1H, m)	67.5	C2-Ha, Hb, C4-Hb
4	a: 3.60 (1H, d, J=14.0 Hz)	68.9	C2-Ha, Hb, C3-H, NMe
	b: 3.86 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 14.0 Hz)
NMe₃	3.18 (9H, s)	54.5	C4-Ha, Hb
1′	—	175.6	C2′-Ha, Hb
2′	a: 2.27 (1H, dd, J=7.0, 16.0 Hz)	39.7	C4′-Ha, C5′-Ha
	b: 2.36 (1H, dd, J=7.4, 16.0 Hz)
3′	0.98 (1H, m)	6.7	C4′-Ha, C5′-Ha, C2′-Ha, Hb
4′	a: 0.15 (1H, m)	4.2	C2′-Ha, Hb
	b: 0.52 (1H, m)
5′	a: 0.15 (1H, m)	4.4	C2′-Ha, Hb
	b: 0.52 (1H, m)

a) DSS=sodium 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate.

To confirm the structure of 4, the identical carnitine ester was synthesized by condensation of (R)-carnitine and cyclopropylacetic acid using an acid chloride method (see Experimental). The ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data of the natural and synthetic samples were identical, and the absolute configuration was also determined to be R by comparing the specific rotation of the synthetic compound and that of the natural one. Thus, the isolated cyclopropane-containing new compound was confirmed to be cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine (4). Interestingly, carnitine esters, including a cyclopropylcarboxylic acid ester, were also isolated from a Boletaceae mushroom.⁹⁾ We examined the toxicity of 4 in mouse by an intraperitoneal route; however, no toxicity was detected.

Cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine is specific to genuine R. subnigricans and sufficiently stable under ordinary experimental conditions. In addition, the upfield signals in the ¹H-NMR spectrum corresponding to the cyclopropane core are easily recognizable in the ¹H-NMR spectrum of crude mixtures of fruiting bodies; therefore, it would be a useful chemical marker for the identification of genuine R. subnigricans (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. ¹H-NMR Spectra (500 MHz, D₂O, TSP^a)=0.00 ppm)(A) Authentic sample of cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine (4). (B) Crude water extract of R. subnigricans collected in Kyoto. (C) Crude water extract of Russula sp. collected in Miyagi. (D) Crude water extract of Russula sp. collected in Saitama. a) TSP=3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3-d₄ acid sodium salt.

Cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine (4)

Isolation of Cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine (4) from the Russula subnigricans (Collected in Kyoto)

The fruiting bodies (500 g) of Russula subnigricans (collected in Kyoto) were cut into pieces and soaked in aqueous 0.3% AcOH (1.5 L) at 4°C overnight. The extract was filtered through filter paper under suction and then the filtrate was concentrated to about 100 mL under reduced pressure. The concentrated solution was dialyzed (relative molecular mass (M_r) 14000) against aqueous 0.3% AcOH (2.0 L×2) overnight. The dialyzate was concentrated to dryness and lyophilized to give a crude extract (27.1 g). A part (4.8 g) of the crude extract was dissolved in 1% AcOH in MeOH (48 mL), and then the soluble part was applied to an alumina column (aluminium oxide 90 standardized, Merck, 32 g), which was eluted with 1% AcOH in MeOH (300 mL). The eluate was concentrated to 5 mL, and this was diluted with aqueous 0.3% AcOH (10 mL) and chromatographed on ODS (Cosmosil 140C18 OPN, 16 g) which was eluted with H₂O (300 mL) and 50% aqueous MeOH (100 mL). After removal of MeOH from the 50% MeOH fraction, the aqueous solution was washed with EtOAc (100 mL×3). The aqueous layer was concentrated in vacuo and then chromatographed on ODS by elution with 20% MeOH. The obtained fractions which contained a cyclopropane derivative were concentrated (16.2 mg) and purified by preparative TLC (ODS, 20% CH₃CN) followed by HPLC (ODS ϕ6×250 mm, eluted with H₂O for 10 min and then linear gradient from H₂O to 20% CH₃CN for 50 min at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min with monitoring at 210 nm) to give 4 (3.4 mg, t_R=20.9 min) as colorless syrup. Rf=0.31 (ODS, 1 : 4 MeOH–H₂O); IR ν_max (KBr): 3735, 3468, 1732, 1594, 1398, 1188, 1054 cm⁻¹; LR-FAB-MS m/z 244 [M+H]⁺, 162 [M−C₅H₆O]⁺, HR-FAB-MS m/z 244.1572 [M+H]⁺; Calcd for C₁₂H₂₂NO₄, 244.1549; [α]_D³¹ −14.5 (H₂O, c=0.96).

Synthesis of Cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine (4)

To a stirred cyclopropylacetic acid (0.098 mL, 1.05 mmol) was added thionyl chloride (0.080 mL, 1.10 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature (rt) for 1 h. To the crude acid chloride was directly added (R)-carnitine (86.0 mg, 0.533 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1.5 h. After evaporation, the residue was dissolved into H₂O and the aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc. The aqueous layer was applied to ODS column chromatography (H₂O). The eluate was neutralized by saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution and then concentrated to dryness. The resulting residue was extracted with MeOH and it was filtered through Celite. The filtrate and washings were concentrated in vacuo to afford cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine (4) (60.4 mg, 47% yield) as colorless foam. mp 180°C (decomp.);Rf=0.31 (ODS, 1 : 4 MeOH–H₂O); IR ν_max (KBr): 3735, 3433, 1734, 1592, 1392, 1179, 1034 cm⁻¹; ¹H-NMR (D₂O, HOD=4.79) δ: 0.15 (2H, m, H-4′, 5′), 0.52 (2H, m, H-4′, 5′), 0.99 (1H, m, H-3′), 2.28, (1H, dd, J=7.0, 16.0 Hz, H-2′), 2.36 (1H, dd, J=7.4, 16.0 Hz, H-2′), 2.49 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 16.0 Hz, H-2), 2.63 (1H, dd, J=5.6, 16.0 Hz, H-2), 3.18 (9H, s, 4-N⁺Me₃), 3.61 (1H, d, J=14.0 Hz, H-4), 3.86 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 14.0 Hz, H-4), 5.63 (1H, m, H-3); ¹³C-NMR (D₂O, DSS=–2.04) δ: 4.2 (C4′, 5′), 4.4 (C4′, 5′), 6.7 (C3′), 39.7 (C2′), 40.9 (C2), 54.5 (4-N⁺Me₃), 67.5 (C3), 68.9 (C4), 175.7 (C1′), 177.2 (C1); LR-FAB-MS m/z 244 [M+H]⁺, 162 [M−C₅H₆O]⁺, HR-FAB-MS m/z 244.1555 [M+H]⁺; Calcd for C₁₂H₂₂NO₄, 244.1549; [α]_D³⁴ −16.6 (H₂O, c=0.67).

Identification of Cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine, a Unique Chemical Marker of the Fatally Toxic MushroomRussula subnigricans

Masanori Matsuura¹⁾, Suguru Kato¹⁾, Yoko Saikawa¹⁾, Masaya Nakata¹⁾, Kimiko Hashimoto¹⁾

1) Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University

Released on J-STAGE 20160601

see https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/64/6/64_c15-01033/_html

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Vol. 64 (2016) No. 6 p. 602-608

http://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c15-01033

Abstract

A toxic mushroom, Russula subnigricans, causes fatal poisoning by mistaken ingestion. In spite of the potent bioactivity, the responsible toxin had not been identified for about 50 years since its first documentation. Recently, we isolated an unstable toxin and determined the structure. The slow elucidation was partly due to the instability of the toxin and also due to misidentification of R. subnigricans for similar mushrooms. To discriminate genuine Russula subnigricans from similar unidentified Russula species, we searched for a unique chemical marker contained in the mushroom. Cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine specific to R. subnigricans was identified as a novel compound whose¹H-NMR signals appearing in the upfield region were easily recognizable among the complicated signals of the crude extract.

/////////cyclopropylacetyl-(R)-carnitine, cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid, russuphelin G, mushroom poisoning, Russula subnigricans,Russulaceae

AM 2394

Uncategorized Comments Off

Jun 062016

AM 2394

1-(6′-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-((5-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)-[3,3′-bipyridin]-6-yl)-3-methylurea

Urea, N-[6′-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-4-[(5-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy][3,3′-bipyridin]-6-yl]-N‘-methyl-

CAS 1442684-77-6
Chemical Formula: C22H25N5O4
Exact Mass: 423.1907

Array Biopharma Inc., Amgen Inc. INNOVATORS

AM-2394 is a potent and selective Glucokinase agonist (GKA), which catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. AM-2394 activates GK with an EC50 of 60 nM, increases the affinity of GK for glucose by approximately 10-fold, exhibits moderate clearance and good oral bioavailability in multiple animal models, and lowers glucose excursion following an oral glucose tolerance test in an ob/ob mouse model of diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease characterized by elevated plasma glucose in the presence of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Glucokinase (GK), a member of the hexokinase enzyme family, catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the presence of ATP.

Glucokioase i exok ase IV or D> is a glycolytic enssyiris that plays, an importaat. role irt blood sugar regulation .related to glucose utifeattoti a»d metabolism in the liver and pancreatic beta ^•cells. Serving as a glucose sessor, gtoeokiuase controls lasma glucose, levels. Glucokinaae plays a doal rob in .reducing plasma glucose levels; glucose-mediated activation of the en¾ymc in hepatocytes facilitates hepatic giocose npiafcc aad glycogen synthesis, while that la pancreatic beta ceils ultimately induces ins lin seeretio«. Both of these effects in turn reduce plasma glucose levels.

Clinical evidence has shown that, glueokitiase variants with, decreased, and increased activities are associated with mature easel, diabetes of the y ung { O0Y2) and persistent: hyperinsul nemic hypoglycemia &( infancy (PHHI), respectively. lso, aoo n.sulin dependent diabetes rneilitos (NIDDM) patients have been reported to have inappropriately lo giueokaiase activity; Ftirtherrnare. overexpressioa of glucokiuase it* dietary or gesetie animal models of diabetes either prevents, aoKiiorafes, or reverses the progress of pathological. symptoms in the disease. For these reasons, compounds that activate gfecokiaase have been sought by the pitasaaceatjeai liidustry.

International patent application, Publication No. WO 2 7/OS3345, which was published on May 10, 200?, discloses as giocokinase act ators certain 2-an«.aopyridiiie derivatives bearing at the 3 -position a meihyieneoxy-dkrked aromatic group a d on. the ammo group a heteroaryl ring, such as dna/oly! or i A4-lmadiazoiyl

it has .now been found that pyridyl ureas are useful as glneokirtase activators. Cettain of these •compounds have been, found to have an outstanding combination of properties that especially adapts them, for oral use to control plasma glucose levels.

Novel Series of Potent Glucokinase Activators Leading to the Discovery of AM-2394

Paul J. Dransfield^*^†, ^{ET AL}

^† Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States

^‡ Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States

^§ Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States

ACS Med. Chem. Lett., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00140

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00140

*E-mail: pdransfi@amgen.com.

Glucokinase (GK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. We present the structure–activity relationships leading to the discovery of AM-2394, a structurally distinct GKA. AM-2394 activates GK with an EC₅₀ of 60 nM, increases the affinity of GK for glucose by approximately 10-fold, exhibits moderate clearance and good oral bioavailability in multiple animal models, and lowers glucose excursion following an oral glucose tolerance test in an ob/ob mouse model of diabetes.

PATENT

WO 2013086397

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013086397A1?cl=en

COPYING ERROR

Example. 1734 t¾^Jtiyi¾rea

Step A: In 100 mL of DMA were corafeiaed 1 ^545miSO- -ll«omp ridinr2-yl)-3-i«e hir8a- (17.5 g, 70,5 ii!-!to!). 5-o:ieS:t}yI yiidlii~3- ). (9,24 g, S4.7 ΪΗΪΪΪΟ!}, sad CO · (10.1 g, 77.6 mmo!) mid heated to 90 *C for 5 days. After that time, the reaction was om lete a d to it was added water arid DCM and stirred vigorously for 3 hr. The resulting solid was isolated via vacuum .filtratiott nd the cake was wasted mill rater and DCM. The DCM in tli aqueous rime was dried vdth a stream of aidogeji aad vigorous sbrriug. Use resulting solid was then collected via vacuum filtration aad these solids were

Stirred vig rousl in f 0% MeOH irt EtOAc arid die res dtipg solid was colleeied. via vactiiars fiirfati m.

Trie two batches wen i coiiibiaed to yield I-(5-bmmo-4 5^»ie†fey pyiidin-3-yl xy)p Tidin-2- d 3~ metbySurea (I S J g, 5 3.7 om»)i, 76% yield).

S e .8: In 2 niL ofc ioxane

yI) iyridMJ-2-yios:y)pf¾ps3i-2-oI (0,098 g, 0.33 «ΜΠΟΪ), ^“ -i5-bs¾tao-4-{5-a3fidiy I py f idia-3 – ylosy)f5yridia-2-yl)-3-raethyl«rea (0.075 g, 0.22 tn ol._. t, and.2M poiass.ua» carbonate (0.33 ml, 0.67 m oi} artd tfets was s parged wi h At .for 10 mia before PdC§4dppl)*DCM (0.01 g g, 0.022 msttol) was added and dre reae!io a was sparged for aaotber 5 ma-, ir efore a was sealed and heated to 100 oversight The react! art was then loaded directly onto s ilica gel (50% acetone to PCM w4i. }%

MH40H) to afford i – (6′-(2diydioxy-2ⁱ-H5eth:ylpropCis:y) -4-{ 5″i:t re th y Ipy r i d i rt -3- io s y ) -3 ,3 ^: -bipyr id i rt -6- yl)-3-aie5¾ylt)rea φ.? 42 , 0.096 m ol, 43 % yield). ^!1 1 HMR (400 Mife, CDCij) 3 ppm 9.06 is,. !H),

S.33 is, 1H>, 8,27 (rs 2H), 8. Π (s, I H)_: K. (s, IHU 82 (dd, j-S.fi, 5.9 H HI), 1.21 (S !H), 6,«8

(d, Hz, i i i ). 6. ,4 (s_:. m>, 4.25 (s, 2H), 2,87 (dj =4,3 Hz„ 3H) 2,37 (s, 3H>. 1 .33 is, <SH). Mass speetram (apci) tar/, ^: – 423.9 (M÷H).

REFERENCES

Novel Series of Potent Glucokinase Activators Leading to the Discovery of AM-2394
Paul J. Dransfield, Vatee Pattaropong, Sujen Lai, Zice Fu, Todd J. Kohn, Xiaohui Du, Alan Cheng, Yumei Xiong, Renee Komorowski, Lixia Jin, Marion Conn, Eric Tien, Walter E. DeWolf Jr., Ronald J. Hinklin, Thomas D. Aicher, Christopher F. Kraser, Steven A. Boyd, Walter C. Voegtli, Kevin R. Condroski, Murielle Veniant-Ellison, Julio C. Medina, Jonathan Houze, and Peter Coward
Publication Date (Web): May 23, 2016 (Letter)
DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00140

/////////Glucokinase activator, GKA, AM-2394, 1442684-77-6, AM 2394, Amgen

O=C(NC)NC1=CC(OC2=CC(C)=CN=C2)=C(C3=CC=C(OCC(C)(O)C)N=C3)C=N1

JNJ-54257099

PRECLINICAL, Uncategorized Comments Off

Jun 062016

Abstract Image

JNJ-54257099,

1-((2R,4aR,6R,7R,7aR)-2-Isopropoxy-2-oxidodihydro-4H,6H-spiro[furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-7,2′-oxetan]-6-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

MW 374.28, C₁₄ H₁₉ N₂ O₈ P

CAS 1491140-67-0

2,4(1H,3H)-Pyrimidinedione, 1-[(2R,2′R,4aR,6R,7aR)-dihydro-2-(1-methylethoxy)-2-oxidospiro[4H-furo[3,2-d]-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-7(6H),2′-oxetan]-6-yl]-

1-((2R,4aR,6R,7R,7aR)-2-Isopropoxy-2-oxidodihydro-4H,6H-spiro[furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphos-phinine-7,2′-oxetan]-6-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione

Janssen R&D Ireland INNOVATOR

Ioannis Nicolaos Houpis, Tim Hugo Maria Jonckers, Pierre Jean-Marie Bernard Raboisson, Abdellah Tahri,

Tim Hugo Maria Jonckers

Tim Jonckers was born in Antwerp in 1974. He studied Chemistry at the University of Antwerp and obtained his Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 2002. His Ph.D. work covered the synthesis of new necryptolepine derivatives which have potential antimalarial activity. Currently he works as a Senior Scientist at Tibotec, a pharmaceutical research and development company based in Mechelen, Belgium, that focuses on viral diseases mainly AIDS and hepatitis. The company was acquired by Johnson & Johnson in April 2002 and recently gained FDA approval for its HIV-protease inhibitor PREZISTA™.

Pierre Raboisson

PhD, Pharm.D

Head of Medicinal Chemistry

Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse · Department of Infectious Diseases

Janssen Pharmaceutica

Department of Infectious Diseases

Beerse, Belgium

DATA

Chiral SFC using the methods described(Method 1, R_t= 5.12 min, >99%; Method 2, R_t = 7.95 min, >99%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ ppm 1.45 (dd, J = 7.53, 6.27 Hz, 6 H), 2.65–2.84 (m, 2 H), 3.98 (td, J = 10.29, 4.77 Hz, 1 H), 4.27 (t,J = 9.66 Hz, 1 H), 4.43 (ddd, J = 8.91, 5.77, 5.65 Hz, 1 H), 4.49–4.61 (m, 1 H), 4.65 (td, J = 7.78, 5.77 Hz, 1 H), 4.73 (d, J = 7.78 Hz, 1 H), 4.87 (dq, J = 12.74, 6.30 Hz, 1 H), 5.55 (br. s., 1 H), 5.82 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 1 H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.03 Hz, 1 H), 8.78 (br. s., 1 H);

³¹P NMR (chloroform-d) δ ppm −7.13. LC-MS: 375 (M + H)⁺.

HCV is a single stranded, positive-sense R A virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family of viruses in the hepacivirus genus. The NS5B region of the RNA polygene encodes a RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is essential to viral replication. Following the initial acute infection, a majority of infected individuals develop chronic hepatitis because HCV replicates preferentially in hepatocytes but is not directly cytopathic. In particular, the lack of a vigorous T-lymphocyte response and the high propensity of the virus to mutate appear to promote a high rate of chronic infection. Chronic hepatitis can progress to liver fibrosis, leading to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma), making it the leading cause of liver transplantations. There are six major HCV genotypes and more than 50 subtypes, which are differently distributed geographically. HCV genotype 1 is the predominant genotype in Europe and in the US. The extensive genetic heterogeneity of HCV has important diagnostic and clinical implications, perhaps explaining difficulties in vaccine development and the lack of response to current therapy.

Transmission of HCV can occur through contact with contaminated blood or blood products, for example following blood transfusion or intravenous drug use. The introduction of diagnostic tests used in blood screening has led to a downward trend in post-transfusion HCV incidence. However, given the slow progression to the end-stage liver disease, the existing infections will continue to present a serious medical and economic burden for decades.

Therapy possibilities have extended towards the combination of a HCV protease inhibitor (e.g. Telaprevir or boceprevir) and (pegylated) interferon-alpha (IFN-a) / ribavirin. This combination therapy has significant side effects and is poorly tolerated in many patients. Major side effects include influenza-like symptoms, hematologic

abnormalities, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Hence there is a need for more effective, convenient and better-tolerated treatments.

The NS5B RdRp is essential for replication of the single-stranded, positive sense, HCV RNA genome. This enzyme has elicited significant interest among medicinal chemists. Both nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors of NS5B are known. Nucleoside inhibitors can act as a chain terminator or as a competitive inhibitor, or as both. In order to be active, nucleoside inhibitors have to be taken up by the cell and converted in vivo to a triphosphate. This conversion to the triphosphate is commonly mediated by cellular kinases, which imparts additional structural requirements on a potential nucleoside polymerase inhibitor. In addition this limits the direct evaluation of nucleosides as inhibitors of HCV replication to cell-based assays capable of in situ phosphorylation.

Several attempts have been made to develop nucleosides as inhibitors of HCV RdRp, but while a handful of compounds have progressed into clinical development, none have proceeded to registration. Amongst the problems which HCV-targeted

nucleosides have encountered to date are toxicity, mutagenicity, lack of selectivity, poor efficacy, poor bioavailability, sub-optimal dosage regimes and ensuing high pill burden and cost of goods.

Spirooxetane nucleosides, in particular l-(8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxy- methyl)- 1,6-dioxaspiro[3.4]octan-5-yl)pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives and their use as HCV inhibitors are known from WO2010/130726, and WO2012/062869, including

CAS-1375074-52-4.

There is a need for HCV inhibitors that may overcome at least one of the disadvantages of current HCV therapy such as side effects, limited efficacy, the emerging of resistance, and compliance failures, or improve the sustained viral response.

The present invention concerns HCV-inhibiting uracyl spirooxetane derivatives with useful properties regarding one or more of the following parameters: antiviral efficacy towards at least one of the following genotypes la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3,4 and 6, favorable

profile of resistance development, lack of toxicity and genotoxicity, favorable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and ease of formulation and administration.

Such an HCV-inhibiting uracyl spirooxetane derivative is a compound with formula I

including any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

PATENT

WO 2015077966

https://www.google.com/patents/WO2015077966A1?cl=en

Synthesis of compound (I)

(5) (6a)

Synthesis of compound (6a)

A solution of isopropyl alcohol (3.86 mL,0.05mol) and triethylamine (6.983 mL, 0.05mol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added to a stirred solution of POCI₃ (5)

(5.0 mL, 0.055 lmol) in DCM (50 mL) dropwise over a period of 25 min at -5°C. After the mixture stirred for lh, the solvent was evaporated, and the residue was suspended in ether (100 mL). The triethylamine hydrochloride salt was filtered and washed with ether (20 mL). The filtrate was concentrated, and the residue was distilled to give the (6) as a colorless liquid (6.1g, 69 %yield).

Synthesis of compound (4):

CAS 1255860-33-3 is dissolved in pyridine and 1,3-dichloro-l, 1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane is added. The reaction is stirred at room temperature until complete. The solvent is removed and the product redissolved in CH₂CI₂ and washed with saturated NaHC0₃ solution. Drying on MgSC^ and removal of the solvent gives compound (2). Compound (3) is prepared by reacting compound (2) with p-methoxybenzylchloride in the presence of DBU as the base in CH₃CN. Compound (4) is prepared by cleavage of the bis-silyl protecting group in compound (3) using TBAF as the fluoride source.

Synthesis of compound (7a)

To a stirred suspension of (4) (2.0 g, 5.13 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added triethylamine (2.07 g, 20.46 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to -20°C, and then (6a) (1.2 g, 6.78mmol) was added dropwise over a period of lOmin. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 15min and then NMI was added (0.84 g, 10.23 mmol), dropwise over a period of 15 min. The mixture was stirred at -15°C for lh and then slowly warmed to room temperature in 20 h. The solvent was evaporated, the mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography using petroleum ether/EtOAc (10: 1 to 5: 1 as a gradient) to give (7a) as white solid (0.8 g, 32 % yield).

Synthesis of compound (I)

To a solution of (7a) in CH₃CN (30 mL) and H₂0 (7 mL) was add CAN portion wise below 20° C. The mixture was stirred at 15-20° C for 5h under N₂. Na₂S0₃ (370 mL) was added dropwise into the reaction mixture below 15°C, and then Na₂C0₃ (370 mL) was added. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was extracted with CH₂C1₂

(100 mL*3). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give the residue. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give the target compound (8a) as white solid. (Yield: 55%)

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM- ) δ ppm 1.45 (dd, J=7.53, 6.27 Hz, 6 H), 2.65 -2.84 (m, 2 H), 3.98 (td, J=10.29, 4.77 Hz, 1 H), 4.27 (t, J=9.66 Hz, 1 H), 4.43 (ddd, J=8.91, 5.77, 5.65 Hz, 1 H), 4.49 – 4.61 (m, 1 H), 4.65 (td, J=7.78, 5.77 Hz, 1 H), 4.73 (d, J=7.78 Hz, 1 H), 4.87 (dq, J=12.74, 6.30 Hz, 1 H), 5.55 (br. s., 1 H), 5.82 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 1 H), 7.20 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 1 H), 8.78 (br. s., 1 H); ³¹P NMR (CHLOROFORM-^) δ ppm -7.13; LC-MS: 375 (M+l)+

PATENT

https://www.google.co.in/patents/WO2013174962A1?cl=en

The starting material l-[(4R,5R,7R,8R)-8-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-l,6-dioxa- spiro[3.4]octan-5-yl]pyrimidine-2,4(lH,3H)-dione (1) can be prepared as exemplified in WO2010/130726. Compound (1) is converted into compounds of the present invention via a p-methoxybenzyl protected derivative (4) as exemplified in the following Scheme 1. cheme 1

Examples

Scheme 2

Synthesis of compound (8a)

Synthesis of compound (2)

Compound (2) can be prepared by dissolving compound (1) in pyridine and adding l,3-dichloro-l,l,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane. The reaction is stirred at room temperature until complete. The solvent is removed and the product redissolved in CH₂CI₂and washed with saturated NaHC0₃ solution. Drying on MgSC^ and removal of the solvent gives compound (2).

Synthesis of compound (3)

Compound (3) is prepared by reacting compound (2) with p-methoxybenzylchloride in the presence of DBU as the base in CH₃CN.

Synthesis of compound (4)

Compound (4) is prepared by cleavage of the bis-silyl protecting group in compound (3) using TBAF as the fluoride source.

Synthesis of compound (6a)

A solution of isopropyl alcohol (3.86 mL,0.05mol) and triethylamine (6.983 mL, 0.05mol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added to a stirred solution of POCl₃ (5) (5.0 mL, 0.055 lmol) in DCM (50 mL) dropwise over a period of 25 min at -5°C. After the mixture stirred for lh, the solvent was evaporated, and the residue was suspended in ether (100 mL). The triethylamine hydrochloride salt was filtered and washed with ether (20 mL). The filtrate was concentrated, and the residue was distilled to give the (6) as a colorless liquid (6.1g, 69 %yield).

Synthesis of compound (7a)

To a stirred suspension of (4) (2.0 g, 5.13 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added triethylamine (2.07 g, 20.46 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to -20°C, and then (6a) (1.2 g, 6.78mmol) was added dropwise over a period of lOmin. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 15min and then NMI was added (0.84 g, 10.23 mmol), dropwise over a period of 15 min. The mixture was stirred at -15°C for lh and then slowly warmed to room temperature in 20 h. The solvent was evaporated, the mixture was concentrated and purified by column chromatography using petroleum ether/EtOAc (10:1 to 5: 1 as a gradient) to give (7a) as white solid (0.8 g, 32 % yield).

Synthesis of compound (8a)

To a solution of (7a) in CH₃CN (30 mL) and H₂0 (7 mL) was add CAN portion wise below 20°C. The mixture was stirred at 15-20°C for 5h under N₂. Na₂S0₃ (370 mL) was added dropwise into the reaction mixture below 15°C, and then Na₂C0₃ (370 mL) was added. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was extracted with CH₂C1₂

(100 mL*3). The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give the residue. The residue was purified by column chromatography to give the target compound (8a) as white solid. (Yield: 55%)

1H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM- ) δ ppm 1.45 (dd, J=7.53, 6.27 Hz, 6 H), 2.65 – 2.84 (m, 2 H), 3.98 (td, J=10.29, 4.77 Hz, 1 H), 4.27 (t, J=9.66 Hz, 1 H), 4.43 (ddd, J=8.91, 5.77, 5.65 Hz, 1 H), 4.49 – 4.61 (m, 1 H), 4.65 (td, J=7.78, 5.77 Hz, 1 H), 4.73 (d, J=7.78 Hz, 1 H), 4.87 (dq, J=12.74, 6.30 Hz, 1 H), 5.55 (br. s., 1 H), 5.82 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 1 H), 7.20 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 1 H), 8.78 (br. s., 1 H); ³¹P NMR (CHLOROFORM-^) δ ppm -7.13; LC-MS: 375 (M+l)+ Scheme 3

Synthesis of compound (VI)

Step 1: Synthesis of compound (9)Compound (1), CAS 1255860-33-3 ( 1200 mg, 4.33 mmol ) and l,8-bis(dimethyl- amino)naphthalene (3707 mg, 17.3 mmol) were dissolved in 24.3 mL of

trimethylphosphate. The solution was cooled to 0°C. Compound (5) (1.21 mL, 12.98 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred well maintaining the temperature at 0°C for 5 hours. The reaction was quenched by addition of 120 mL of tetraethyl- ammonium bromide solution (1M) and extracted with CH₂CI₂ (2×80 mL). Purification was done by preparative HPLC (Stationary phase: RP XBridge Prep CI 8 ΟΒϋ-10μιη, 30x150mm, mobile phase: 0.25% NH₄HCO₃ solution in water, CH₃CN) , yielding two fractions. The purest fraction was dissolved in water (15 mL) and passed through a manually packed Dowex (H⁺) column by elution with water. The end of the elution was determined by checking UV absorbance of eluting fractions. Combined fractions were frozen at -78°C and lyophilized. Compound (9) was obtained as a white fluffy solid (303 mg, (0.86 mmol, 20%> yield), which was used immediately in the following reaction. Step 2: Preparation of compound (VI)

Compound (9) (303 mg, 0.86 mmol) was dissolved in 8 mL water and to this solution was added N . N’- D ic y c ! he y !-4- mo rph line carboxamidine (253.8 mg, 0.86 mmol) dissolved in pyridine (8.4 mi.). The mixture was kept for 5 minutes and then

evaporated to dryness, dried overnight in vacuo overnight at 37°C. The residu was dissolved in pyridine (80 mL). This solution was added dropwise to vigorously stirred DCC (892.6 mg, 4.326 mmol) in pyridine (80 mL) at reflux temperature. The solution was kept refluxing for 1.5h during which some turbidity was observed in the solution. The reaction mixture was cooled and evaporated to dryness. Diethylether (50 mL) and water (50 mL) were added to the solid residu. N’N-dicyclohexylurea was filtered off, and the aqueous fraction was purified by preparative HPLC (Stationary phase: RP XBridge Prep C18 OBD-ΙΟμιη, 30x150mm, mobile phase: 0.25% NH₄HCO₃ solution in water, CH₃CN) , yielding a white solid which was dried overnight in vacuo at 38°C. (185 mg, 0.56 mmol, 65% yield). LC-MS: (M+H)⁺: 333.

1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) d ppm 2.44 – 2.59 (m, 2 H) signal falls under DMSO signal, 3.51 (td, J=9.90, 5.50 Hz, 1 H), 3.95 – 4.11 (m, 2 H), 4.16 (d, J=10.34 Hz, 1 H), 4.25 – 4.40 (m, 2 H), 5.65 (d, J=8.14 Hz, 1 H), 5.93 (br. s., 1 H), 7.46 (d, J=7.92 Hz, 1 H), 2H’s not observed

Paper

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00382,

Discovery of 1-((2R,4aR,6R,7R,7aR)-2-Isopropoxy-2-oxidodihydro-4H,6H-spiro[furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-7,2′-oxetan]-6-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (JNJ-54257099), a 3′-5′-Cyclic Phosphate Ester Prodrug of 2′-Deoxy-2′-Spirooxetane Uridine Triphosphate Useful for HCV Inhibition

Tim H. M. Jonckers^*, Abdellah Tahri, Leen Vijgen, Jan Martin Berke, Sophie Lachau-Durand, Bart Stoops, Jan Snoeys, Laurent Leclercq, Lotke Tambuyzer, Tse-I Lin, Kenny Simmen, and Pierre Raboisson

Janssen Infectious Diseases − Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium

J. Med. Chem., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00382

Publication Date (Web): May 14, 2016

*Phone: +32 014601168. E-mail: tjoncker@its.jnj.com.

JNJ-54257099 (9) is a novel cyclic phosphate ester derivative that belongs to the class of 2′-deoxy-2′-spirooxetane uridine nucleotide prodrugs which are known as inhibitors of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In the Huh-7 HCV genotype (GT) 1b replicon-containing cell line 9 is devoid of any anti-HCV activity, an observation attributable to inefficient prodrug metabolism which was found to be CYP3A4-dependent. In contrast, in vitro incubation of 9 in primary human hepatocytes as well as pharmacokinetic evaluation thereof in different preclinical species reveals the formation of substantial levels of 2′-deoxy-2′-spirooxetane uridine triphosphate (8), a potent inhibitor of the HCV NS5B polymerase. Overall, it was found that 9 displays a superior profile compared to its phosphoramidate prodrug analogues (e.g., 4) described previously. Of particular interest is the in vivo dose dependent reduction of HCV RNA observed in HCV infected (GT1a and GT3a) human hepatocyte chimeric mice after 7 days of oral administration of 9

////////////JNJ-54257099, 1491140-67-0, JNJ54257099, JNJ 54257099

O=C(C=C1)NC(N1[C@H]2[C@]3(OCC3)[C@H](O4)[C@@H](CO[P@@]4(OC(C)C)=O)O2)=O

Asian International Continuous Flow Chemistry Summit/Chemtrix BV at CPhI-China 2016

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Jun 042016

Asian International Continuous Flow Chemistry Summit at CPhI-China 2016

weblink…….http://www.chemtrix.com/news/65/Asian-International-Continuous-Flow-Chemistry-Summit

CPhI – China on 22nd June 2016

Asian International Continuous Flow Chemistry Summit at CPhI-China 2016

Asian International Continuous Flow Chemistry Summit

The Asian International Continuous Flow Chemistry Summit is this year held during CPhI China 2016, in Shanghai. Focussing on industrial applications, this summit provides usefull in-depth insights and perspectives for companies looking to apply continuous flow chemistry on an industrial scale. The ICFCS provides the opportunity to engage with experienced industrial flow chemistry users through interactive discussion sessions. With international speakers from DSM, Cipla, Zhejiang Technology University and more, join us to hear about;

Industrial case studies and drivers
Methods to transfer from batch to flow
Useful insights from experienced flow chemistry users
Robust, chemical resistant industrial flow reactors

The summit is held in the Shanghai Expo Center (SNIEC), on Wednesday 22nd June, from 13:30 – 16:30.

see…….weblink…….http://www.chemtrix.com/news/65/Asian-International-Continuous-Flow-Chemistry-Summit

Click here for more information. Click here for directions to the summit.

If you would like to register please send this registration form back to info@chemtrix.com.

ORGANISERS

Dr Charlotte Wiles , CHEMTRIX

UK &THE NETHERLANDS,UNIV OF HULL

SPEAKERS

Vijay Kirpalani

Mr Vijay Kirpalani

President
Flow Chemistry Society – India Chapter, INDIA

CEO, PI PROCESS INTENSIFICATION EXPERTS INDIA

UNIT HEAD , API R&D CIPLA INDIA &

Flow Chemistry Society – India Chapter, INDIA

TU EINDHOWEN

Chemtrix BV, a pioneer in the field of continuous flow reactors, further strengthens ties with the Chinese chemical market. China is a very important market for Chemtrix and the Chinese Government actively supporting programs to make the chemical industry more sustainable and safe, means interest in flow reactors is bigger than ever.

To actively support our Chinese clients with this transition, it is important to have facilities in China where Customers can test their chemistry using continuous flow reactors. ‘Our test facility at Zhejiang University of Technology & Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences enables us to show our flow reactors to clients and more importantly, it enables us to test the Customers’ chemistry and develop a program for implementation with the Customer’, comments Imee Zhong, commercial manager at Shenzhen E-Zheng Technology Co. Ltd.(www.e-zheng.com).

E-Zheng is Chemtrix’ local representative in China and their flow chemists have tested 100’s of reactions over the past years for industrial clients. ‘Working with Chemtrix we have built up a strong local experience that we bring to each new Customer case’, states Zhong.

‘Being able to test chemistry for Customers is one thing, but as a leading flow reactor company we also take responsibility to educate students using this technology’, comments Stan Hoeijmakers, Marketing Manager at Chemtrix. ‘This secures the future of the technology as students will enter industrial companies with the knowledge needed to keep the transformation going’. To do so, Chemtrix is building strong relationships with Chinese Universities such as Zhejiang University of Technology, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan University, Xuzhou College, Beijing University and Nanjing Tech University, to name a few.

‘This combination of efforts in teaching & research at Universities and feasibility studies for industrial companies provides a strong base for further developing change in the Chinese chemical market’, concludes Hoeijmakers.

////////////Asian International, Continuous , Flow Chemistry, Chemtrix BV, CPhI-China 2016

Surface-Cross-Linked Micelles as Multifunctionalized Organic Nanoparticles for Controlled Release, Light Harvesting, and Catalysis

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Jun 032016

Surfactant micelles are dynamic entities with a rapid exchange of monomers. By “clicking” tripropargylammonium-containing surfactants with diazide cross-linkers, we obtained surface-cross-linked micelles (SCMs) that could be multifunctionalized for different applications. They triggered membrane fusion through tunable electrostatic interactions with lipid bilayers. Antenna chromophores could be installed on them to create artificial light-harvesting complexes with efficient energy migration among tens to hundreds of chromophores. When cleavable cross-linkers were used, the SCMs could break apart in response to redox or pH signals, ejecting entrapped contents quickly as a result of built-in electrostatic stress. They served as caged surfactants whose surface activity was turned on by environmental stimuli. They crossed cell membranes readily. Encapsulated fluorophores showed enhanced photophysical properties including improved quantum yields and greatly expanded Stokes shifts. Catalytic groups could be installed on the surface or in the interior, covalently attached or physically entrapped. As enzyme mimics, the SCMs enabled rational engineering of the microenvironment around the catalysts to afford activity and selectivity not possible with conventional catalysts.

Surface-Cross-Linked Micelles as Multifunctionalized Organic Nanoparticles for Controlled Release, Light Harvesting, and Catalysis

Yan Zhao^*

Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States

Langmuir, Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01162

Publication Date (Web): May 15, 2016

*Phone: 515-294-5845. Fax: 515-294-0105. E-mail: zhaoy@iastate.edu.

ACS Editors’ Choice – This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying and redistribution of the article or any adaptations for non-commercial purposes.

see http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01162

Biography

Yan Zhao received his B.S. in chemistry from Lanzhou University in 1992 and his Ph.D. from Northwestern University in 1996 (Prof. Joseph B. Lambert). After a postdoctoral stay at the University of Illinois (Prof. Steven C. Zimmerman), he worked for the Procter & Gamble Company from 1998 to 2002 and is currently a professor of chemistry at Iowa State University. His areas of interest include the synthesis of molecules capable of controllable conformational changes and their use as “smart” sensors, materials, molecular transporters, and catalysts; self-assembly in water; biomimetic chemistry in materials synthesis and catalysis; and the design and construction of nanoscale structures.

/////Surface-Cross-Linked Micelles, Multifunctionalized , Organic Nanoparticles , Controlled Release, Light Harvesting, Catalysis

Obeticholic acid

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Jun 032016

Obeticholic acid

Obeticholic acid; 6-ECDCA; INT-747; 459789-99-2; 6-Ethylchenodeoxycholic acid; 6alpha-Ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid;

(4R)-4-[(3R,5S,6R,7R,8S,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-6-ethyl-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoic acid


Molecular Formula:	C₂₆H₄₄O₄
Molecular Weight:	420.62516 g/mol

A farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist potentially for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

6-ECDCA; DSP-1747; INT-747

CAS No.459789-99-2

Obeticholic acid.png

Obeticholic acid (abbreviated to OCA), is a semi-synthetic bile acid analogue which has the chemical structure 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid. It has also been known as INT-747. It is undergoing development as a pharmaceutical agent for severalliver diseases and related disorders. Intercept Pharmaceuticals Inc. (NASDAQ symbol ICPT) hold the worldwide rights to develop OCA outside Japan and China, where it is licensed to Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma.^[2]

REVIEW
INT-747(Obeticholic acid; 6-ECDCA) is a potent and selective FXR agonist(EC50=99 nM) endowed with anticholestatic activity. IC50 value: 99 nM(EC50) [1] Target: FXR agonist in vitro: The exposure of rat hepatocytes to 1 microM 6-ECDCA caused a 3- to 5-fold induction of small heterodimer partner (Shp) and bile salt export pump (bsep) mRNA and 70 to 80% reduction of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (cyp7a1), oxysterol 12beta-hydroxylase (cyp8b1), and Na(+)/taurocholate cotransporting peptide (ntcp) [2]. in vivo: In vivo administration of 6-ECDCA protects against cholestasis induced by E(2)17alpha [2]. high salt (HS) diet significantly increased systemic blood pressure. In addition, HS diet downregulated tissue DDAH expression while INT-747 protected the loss in DDAH expression and enhanced insulin sensitivity compared to vehicle controls [3]. Rats were gavaged with INT-747 or vehicle during 10 days after bile-duct ligation and then were assessed for changes in gut permeability, BTL, and tight-junction protein expression, immune cell recruitment, and cytokine expression in ileum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. After INT-747 treatment, natural killer cells and interferon-gamma expression markedly decreased, in association with normalized permeability selectively in ileum (up-regulated claudin-1 and occludin) and a significant reduction in BTL [4].

REFERENCES FOR ABOVE TEXT ONLY

[1]	Verbeke L, et al. The FXR Agonist Obeticholic Acid Prevents Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Bacterial Translocation in Cholestatic Rats. Am J Pathol. 2015 Feb;185(2):409-19.
[2]	Ghebremariam YT, et al. FXR agonist INT-747 upregulates DDAH expression and enhances insulin sensitivity in high-salt fed Dahl rats. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 4;8(4):e60653.
[3]	Fiorucci S, et al. Protective effects of 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor ligand, in estrogen-induced cholestasis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 May;313(2):604-12.
[4]	Pellicciari R, et al. 6alpha-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA), a potent and selective FXR agonist endowed with anticholestatic activity. J Med Chem. 2002 Aug 15;45(17):3569-72.

Invention and development

The natural bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, was identified in 1999 as the most active physiological ligand for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. A series of alkylated bile acid analogues were designed, studied and patented by Roberto Pellicciari and colleagues at the University of Perugia, with 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid emerging as the most highly potent FXR agonist.^[3] FXR-dependent processes in liver and intestine were proposed as therapeutic targets in human diseases.^[4] Obeticholic acid is the first FXR agonist to be used in human drug studies.

Clinical studies

OCA is undergoing development in phase 2 and 3 studies for specific liver and gastrointestinal disorders.^[5]

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an auto-immune, inflammatory liver disease which produces bile duct injury, fibrosis, cholestasisand eventual cirrhosis. It is much more common in women than men and can cause jaundice, itching (pruritus) and fatigue.Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy is beneficial, but the disease often progresses and may require liver transplantation.^[6] Animal studies suggested that treatment with FXR agonists should be beneficial in cholestatic diseases such as PBC.^[7] OCA at doses between 10 mg and 50 mg was shown to provide significant biochemical benefit, but pruritus was more frequent with higher doses.^[8]^[9] The results of a randomized, double-blind phase 3 study of OCA, 5 mg or 10 mg, compared to placebo (POISE) were presented in April 2014, and showed that the drug met the trial’s primary endpoint of a significant reduction in serum alkaline phosphatase, abiomarker predictive of disease progression, liver transplantation or death.^[10]

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is a common cause of abnormal liver function with histological features of fatty liver, inflammation andfibrosis. It may progress to cirrhosis and is becoming an increasing indication for liver transplantation. It is increasing in prevalence. OCA is proposed to treat NASH.^[11] A phase 2 trial published in 2013 showed that administration of OCA at 25 mg or 50 mg daily for 6 weeks reduced markers of liver inflammation and fibrosis and increased insulin sensitivity.^[12]

The Farnesoid X Receptor Ligand Obeticholic Acid in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Treatment (FLINT) trial, sponsored by NIDDK, was halted early in January 2014, after about half of the 283 subjects had completed the study, when a planned interim analysis showed that a) the primary endpoint had been met and b) lipid abnormalities were detected and arose safety concerns. Treatment with OCA (25 mg/day for 72 weeks) resulted in a highly statistically significant improvement in the primary histological endpoint, defined as a decrease in the NAFLD Activity Score of at least two points, with no worsening of fibrosis. 45% (50 of 110) of the treated group had this improvement compared with 21% (23 of 109) of the placebo-treated controls.^[13] However concerns about longterm safety issues such as increased cholesterol and adverse cardiovascular events may warrant the concomitant use of statins in OCA-treated patients.^[14]

Portal hypertension

Animal studies suggest that OCA improves intrahepatic vascular resistance and so may be of therapeutic benefit in portal hypertension.^[15] An open label phase 2a clinical study is under way.

Bile acid diarrhea

Bile acid diarrhea (also called bile acid malabsorption) can be secondary to Crohn’s disease or be a primary condition. Reduced median levels of FGF19, an ileal hormone that regulates increased hepatic bile acid synthesis, have been found in this condition.^[16] FGF19 is potently stimulated by bile acids and especially by OCA.^[17] A proof of concept study of OCA (25 mg/d) has shown clinical and biochemical benefit.^[18]

SYNTHESIS

CN 105541953

Take 10g of austempered cholic acid 89.6% purity crude (single hetero greater than 2%), 3 times its weight of acetone and added to their 20% by weight of triethylamine was added, was heated at reflux for 2h, cooled slowly to 10 ° C, the precipitated crystals were filtered to give Obey acid organic amine salt crystals.

Acidification [0020] The organic amine salts Obey acid crystals were dissolved with purified water after 10wt% by mass percentage to the PH value of 2.0 with dilute hydrochloric acid, filtered and dried to give purified Obey acid.

[0021] The purified Obey acid ethyl acetate dissolved by heating and then cooling to 20 ° C, the precipitated crystals were filtered and dried to obtain a purity of 98.7% recrystallization Obey acid (single hetero less than 0.1%), recovery was 84.5%.

PATENT

WO 2016045480

Obey acid (as shown in formula I) is a semi-synthetic chenodeoxycholic acid derivative, for the treatment of high blood pressure, the portal vein and liver diseases, including primary biliary cirrhosis, bile acid diarrhea, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Obey acid through activation of FXR receptors play a role, FXR is a nuclear receptor, is expressed mainly in the liver, intestine, kidney, and it can be adjusted with acids fat and carbohydrate metabolism related gene expression in bile, also regulate immune response. FXR activation can inhibit the synthesis of bile acids, bile acids prevent excessive accumulation of toxic reactions caused.

WO2002072598 debuted Obey acid preparation method (shown below), which in strong alkaline conditions to give compound VII by alkylation with ethyl iodide compound VI directly, through reducing compound VII prepared and carboxy deprotection Obey acid. However, due to direct alkylation with ethyl iodide poor selectivity and yield is too low, the synthesis process is difficult to achieve amplification synthesis.

Obey bile acid synthesis (WO2002072598)

WO2006122977 above synthesis process has been improved (see below), the process by the silicon compound IX into protected enol compound X, compound X and acetaldehyde after dehydration condensation to give compound Vb, after compound Vb in alkaline conditions under palladium on carbon hydrogenation to give compound XI, after a carbonyl compound XI reduction system Obey acid.

Obey bile acid synthesis (WO2006122977)

The synthetic process can be achieved, although the enlarged combined, however, the compound Vb produce large amounts of byproducts under strongly alkaline conditions palladium on carbon hydrogenation process for preparing high temperature and strong alkaline compound XI during this step leading to the separation of income a lower rate (about 60%), low yield of this step may be due to compound Vb and XI in unprotected hydroxy dehydration occurs under strongly basic (30% NaOH) and high temperature (95-105 ℃) conditions side effects caused.

synthesis of bile acids Obey,

Obey bile acid synthesis route is as follows:

PATENT

CN 105175473

According to Obey acid 6 was prepared in the form of C Patent Document W02013192097A1 reaction of Example 1, as follows:

The 3 a – hydroxy -6 a – ethyl-7-keto -5 P – 24-oic acid (. 86g, 205 4mmol), water (688mL) and 50% (w / w) hydrogen sodium hydroxide solution (56. 4mL) and the mixture of sodium borohydride (7. 77g, 205. 4mmol) in a mixture of 50% (w / w) sodium hydroxide solution (1.5 mL of) and water (20 mL) in 90 ° in C to 105 ° C reaction. Was heated with stirring under reflux for at least 3 hours, the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was cooled to 80 ° C. Between 30 ° C at 50 ° C of citric acid (320. 2g, anhydrous), a mixture of n-butyl acetate (860 mL of) and water (491mL) to ensure an acidic pH of the aqueous phase was separated. Evaporation of the organic phase was distilled to give the residue was diluted with n-butyl acetate, slowly cooled to 15 ° C to 20 ° C, centrifugation. The crude product was crystallized from n-butyl acetate. After Obey acid isolated by n-butyl acetate (43mL, 4 times), dried samples were dried at 80 ° C under vacuum. To give 67. 34g (77. 9%) crystalline form C Obey acid.

Patent

WO2016107575

Obey acid (Obeticholic acid), developed by Intercept company farnesol X receptor (FXR) agonist, for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Obey acid is currently in Phase III clinical studies, the Phase III study shows Obey acid treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis have optimistic data, more than 20 years may become the future treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis A new method of choice, and Obey acid on improving nonalcoholic steatohepatitis important role. Obey acid, also known as 6-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid, and its structural formula is as follows:

(I)

Pharmaceutical polymorphs (drug polymorphism) refers to the presence of the drug has a different crystalline state of matter of two or more.Polymorphism in drugs is widespread. Different polymorphs of the same drug have significant differences in solubility, melting point, density, stability, etc., which to varying degrees, affect the stability of the drug, uniformity, bioavailability, efficacy and safety. Thus, the pharmaceutical research and development carried out comprehensive polymorph screening system to select the most suitable for the development of the crystalline form, it is one of the important research can not be ignored.

Currently, although there are reports of polymorph Obey acid but the reported crystal forms were prepared as amorphous Obey without intermediate acid product, for the purposes of purification of products, rather than as a product . For example WO2013192097 reported the first preparation Obey bile acid Form C, Form C will then be converted to amorphous Obey acid products. It has been reported as an intermediate product purified acid crystalline Obey obviously not suitable as a final product, since these polymorphic purity, and stability are poor, and there may be still other undesirable defects such WO2013192097 reported in Form C, which contains n-heptane.

Example 1

Obey acid Form A preparation method:

The 216.3 mg Obey acid powder was added to 5.0 mL volume ratio of 1: ethyl acetate and n-heptane mixed solvent 9 to prepare a suspension. The suspension was put stirred for 48 hours at room temperature, filtered and the resulting cake was placed in a dry 25 ℃ vacuum oven overnight, the resulting solid was tested as Form A.

Type A crystal obtained in Example X-ray powder diffraction data are shown in Table 1 embodiment. Its XRPD pattern as shown in Figure 1, which is shown in Figure 2 DSC, TGA which is shown in Figure 3.

Also, by evaporative light scattering method Obey acid Form A purity of 99.54%.

The Form A for 90 days at 5 ℃ condition X-ray powder diffraction, FIG. 1 is substantially the same XRPD obtained in FIG.

Table 1

[Table 1]

2theta	d spacing	Relative strength%
4.95	17.87	55.14
5.26	16.79	51.49
6.22	14.20	100.00
7.22	12.24	39.00
7.66	11.54	49.18
8.90	9.93	42.81
9.36	9.44	38.30
9.95	8.89	43.47
10.45	8.46	30.64
10.97	8.06	20.12
12.51	7.08	99.90
14.89	5.95	32.18
15.69	5.65	62.49
15.96	5.55	37.49
16.47	5.38	49.44
17.23	5.15	30.92
17.95	4.94	28.12
18.87	4.70	36.32
19.56	4.54	31.45
20.57	4.32	21.24
21.34	4.16	15.50
22.70	3.92	7.95
23.46	3.79	6.10
24.72	3.60	6.51
25.11	3.55	7.62

References

Gioiello, Antimo; Macchiarulo, Antonio; Carotti, Andrea; Filipponi, Paolo; Costantino, Gabriele; Rizzo, Giovanni; Adorini, Luciano; Pellicciari, Roberto (April 2011). “Extending SAR of bile acids as FXR ligands: Discovery of 23-N-(carbocinnamyloxy)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-24-nor-5β-cholan-23-amine”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 19 (8): 2650–2658.doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.004.
Wall Street Journal. “A $4 Billion Surprise for 45-Person Biotech”. Retrieved10 January 2014.
Pellicciari R, Fiorucci S, Camaioni E, Clerici C, Costantino G, Maloney PR, Morelli A, Parks DJ, Willson TM (August 2002). “6alpha-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA), a potent and selective FXR agonist endowed with anticholestatic activity”. J. Med. Chem. 45(17): 3569–72. doi:10.1021/jm025529g. PMID 12166927.
Rizzo G, Renga B, Mencarelli A, Pellicciari R, Fiorucci S (September 2005). “Role of FXR in regulating bile acid homeostasis and relevance for human diseases”. Curr. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord. 5 (3): 289–303. doi:10.2174/1568008054863781.PMID 16178789.
“ClinicalTrials.gov”.
Hirschfield GM, Gershwin ME (January 2013). “The immunobiology and pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis”. Annu Rev Pathol 8: 303–30. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-164014. PMID 23347352.
Lindor, KD (May 2011). “Farnesoid X receptor agonists for primary biliary cirrhosis”.Current opinion in gastroenterology 27 (3): 285–8.doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834452c8. PMID 21297469.
Fiorucci S, Cipriani S, Mencarelli A, Baldelli F, Bifulco G, Zampella A (August 2011). “Farnesoid X receptor agonist for the treatment of liver and metabolic disorders: focus on 6-ethyl-CDCA”. Mini Rev Med Chem 11 (9): 753–62. doi:10.2174/138955711796355258.PMID 21707532.
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External links

“Intercept pharmaceuticals”.
NashBiotechs Several articles on drug candidates in NASH

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Patent ID	Date	Patent Title
US2016074419	2016-03-17	Preparation and Uses of Obeticholic Acid
US2015359805	2015-12-17	Bile Acid Derivatives as FXR Ligands for the Prevention or Treatment of FXR-Mediated Diseases or Conditions
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US2013345188	2013-12-26	Preparation and Uses of Obeticholic Acid
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Obeticholic acid
Systematic (IUPAC) name

(3α,5β,6α,7α)-6-Ethyl-3,7-dihydroxycholan-24-oic acidOR (4R)-4-[(3R,5S,6R,7R,8S,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-6-ethyl-3,7-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pentanoic acid
Clinical data
Routes of administration	Oral
Legal status
Legal status	Investigational New Drug
Identifiers
CAS Number	459789-99-2
ATC code	A05AA04 (WHO)
PubChem	CID 447715
IUPHAR/BPS	3435
ChemSpider	394730
UNII	0462Z4S4OZ
KEGG	C15636
ChEMBL	CHEMBL566315
Synonyms	6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid; INT-747
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₆H₄₄O₄
Molar mass	420.62516 g/mol

/////////6-ECDCA, DSP-1747, INT-747, 459789-99-2, Obeticholic acid

CC[C@@H]1[C@@H]2C[C@@H](CC[C@@]2([C@H]3CC[C@]4([C@H]([C@@H]3[C@@H]1O)CC[C@@H]4[C@H](C)CCC(=O)O)C)C)O

CCC1C2CC(CCC2(C3CCC4(C(C3C1O)CCC4C(C)CCC(=O)O)C)C)O

Ladostigil

Uncategorized Comments Off

Jun 022016

Ladostigil, TV-3,326

(N-propargyl-(3R) aminoindan-5yl)-ethyl methyl carbamate

(3R)-3-(Prop-2-ynylamino)indan-5-yl ethyl(methyl)carbamate; R-CPAI

Carbamic acid, ethylmethyl-, (3R)-2,3-dihydro-3-(2-propynylamino)-1H-inden-5-yl ester

Condition(s): Mild Cognitive Impairment
U.S. FDA Status: Mild Cognitive Impairment (Phase 2)
Company: Avraham Pharmaceuticals Ltd

Target Type: Cholinergic System

CAS No:	209349-27-4
Synonyms:	Ladostigil, TV-3326, UNII-SW3H1USR4Q
Molecular Weight:	272.346 g/mol

Chemical Formula:	C16-H20-N2-O2

IUPAC Name:	(3R)-3-(Prop-2-ynylamino)indan-5-yl ethyl(methyl)carbamate N-Propargyl-(3R)-aminoindan-5-yl) ethyl methyl carbamate

Ladostigil tartrate Structure

CAS 209394-46-7, Ladostigil tartrate

N-Ethyl-N-methylcarbamic acid 3(R)-(2-propynylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester L-tartrate

In 2010, ladostigil tartrate was licensed by Technion Research & Development Foundation and Yissum to Avraham for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurogenerative diseases.

Ladostigil (TV-3,326) is a novel neuroprotective agent being investigated for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders likeAlzheimer’s disease, Lewy body disease, and Parkinson’s disease.^[1] It acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase andbutyrylcholinesterase inhibitor, and an irreversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, and combines the mechanisms of action of older drugs like rivastigmine and rasagiline into a single molecule.^[2]^[3] In addition to its neuroprotective properties, ladostigil enhances the expression of neurotrophic factors like GDNF and BDNF, and may be capable of reversing some of the damage seen in neurodegenerative diseases via the induction of neurogenesis.^[4] Ladostigil also has antidepressant effects, and may be useful for treating comorbid depression and anxiety often seen in such diseases as well.^[5]^[6]

Ladostigil [(N-propargyl-(3R) aminoindan-5yl)-ethyl methyl carbamate] is a dual acetylcholine-butyrylcholineesterase and brain selective monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B inhibitor in vivo (with little or no MAO inhibitory effect in the liver and small intestine), intended for the treatment of dementia co-morbid with extrapyramidal disorders and depression (presently in a Phase IIb clinical study). This suggests that the drug should not cause a significant potentiation of the cardiovascular response to tyramine, thereby making it a potentially safer antidepressant than other irreversible MAO-A inhibitors. Ladostigil was shown to antagonize scopolamine-induced impairment in spatial memory, indicating that it can cause significant increases in rat brain cholinergic activity. Furthermore, ladostigil prevented gliosis and oxidative-nitrative stress and reduced the deficits in episodic and spatial memory induced by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin in rats. Ladostigil was demonstrated to possess potent anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activities in vitro and in various neurodegenerative rat models, (e.g. hippocampal damage induced by global ischemia in gerbils and cerebral oedema induced in mice by closed head injury). These neuroprotective activities involve regulation of amyloid precursor protein processing; activation of protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways; inhibition of neuronal death markers; prevention of the fall in mitochondrial membrane potential and upregulation of neurotrophic factors and antioxidative activity. Recent findings demonstrated that the major metabolite of ladostigil, hydroxy-1-(R)-aminoindan has also a neuroprotective activity and thus, may contribute to the overt activity of its parent compound. This review will discuss the scientific evidence for the therapeutic potential use of ladostigil in Alzheimer’s and Lewy Body diseases and the molecular signaling pathways that are considered to be involved in the biological activities of the drug

LADOSTIGIL

Recently, Yissum Research Development Company associated with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem announced that the University will use a portion of a $9 million dollar grant awarded to Avraham Pharmaceuticals, Pontifax, Clal Biotechnology Industries and Professor Marta Weinstock-Rosin to complete the Phase II efficacy trial in patients afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease.

The trial will be conducted over the course of 52 weeks and will involve the novel drug, Ladostigil. Ladostigil is a new comprehensive drug used to combat symptoms of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, and anxiety. The drug is deemed multi-functional because it addresses a host of neurodegenerative problems. Ladostigil is a brain-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that protects the neurons.

PATENT

US 20140243544 http://www.google.co.in/patents/US20140243544

PATENT

WO 2008074816

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2008074816A1?cl=en

Ethylmethyl carbamyl chloride (15.5 g, 127.57 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 6-hydroxy-1-indanone (17.2 g, 116.1 mmol) and potassium carbonate (31.8 g, 188 mmol) in acetonitrile (800 mL) at room temperature over a period of 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux and refluxed for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, the solvent evaporated and the residue was diluted with water (250 mL) and extracted three times with toluene (250 mL). The combined organic phase was dried on MgSO and toluene was evaporated in a rotary evaporator. The crude crystalline product was purified by crystallization from 2-propanol (200 mL), collected by filtration, and dried under vacuum at 50° C. to afford the title compound (22 g, 81.5%).

1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.47-7.44 (2H, m, Ar), 7.36 (1H, dd, J 8.4 and 2.1, Ar), 3.52-3.37 (2H, m, NCH₂CH₃), 3.14-3.108 [2H, m, OCCH₂CH₂and incl. NCH₃(two rotamers), at 3.08 and 2.99 (3H, s, Me)], 2.74-2.71 (2H, m, OCCH₂CH₂) and 1.25 and 1.19 (two rotamers) (3H,two triplets, J 6.9). Mass Spectrum (FAB+) [MH⁺=234

Example 6(S)-Dimethyl-carbamic acid 3-prop-2-ynylamino-indan-5-yl ester

Methanesulfonyl anhydride (296 mg, 1.7 mmol) as a solution in dichloromethane (1.5 mL+0.5 mL) was added to a stirred solution of (R)-dimethyl-methyl-carbamic acid 3-hydroxy-indan-5-yl ester (188 mg, 0.8 mmol, product of example 1a) and triethylamine (0.47 mL, 3.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) at −78° C. (external) over 10 minutes. The reaction was maintained at this temperature for 1 hour before propargylamine (1.20 mL, 17.0 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature overnight before being partitioned between ethyl acetate (20 mL) and ice-water (20 mL). The organic material was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown oil which was partitioned between methyl tert-butyl ether (10 mL) and aqueous hydrochloric acid (1M, 10 mL). The aqueous layer was basified by addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2M, 16 mL) before being extracted with ethyl acetate (10 mL). This final organic extract was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (175 mg, 80%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.19 (1H, d, J 8, Ar), 7.09 (1H, d, J 2, Ar), 6.94 (1H, dd, J 8 and 2, Ar), 4.39 (1H, dd, J 6 and 6, CHNH), 3.54 (1H, Dd, J 17 and 3, NCHH), 3.49 (1H, Dd, J 16 and 3, HNCHH), 3.09 (3H, s, Me), 3.03-2.96 [4H, m, NCHCHH and Me incl. at 3.00 (3H, s, Me)], 2.83-2.75 (1H, m, NCHCHH), 2.48-2.39 (1H, m, NCHCH₂CHH), 2.25 (1H, t, J 2, ≡CH) and 1.92-1.83 (1H, m, NCHCH₂CHH). Analysis of this material by chiral LC indicated it to be 70% e.e.

Example 7b(R)-Ethyl-methyl-carbamic acid 3-prop-2-ynylamino-indan-5-yl ester (ladostigil)

The procedure of example 7a is repeated with (S)-ethyl-methyl-carbamic acid 3-hydroxy-indan-5-yl ester instead of (R)-ethyl-methyl-carbamic acid 3-hydroxy-indan-5-yl ester. The R-enantiomer is produced.

PAPER

Tetrahedron: Asymmetry (2012), 23(5), 333-338

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957416612001334

Image for unlabelled figure

(R)-3-(Prop-2-ynylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ethyl(methyl)carbamate

C₁₆H₂₀N₂O₂

ee: 89%

(c 1.46, CHCl₃)

Source of chirality: the precursor

Absolute configuration: (R)

(R)-3-(Prop-2-ynylamino)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ethyl(methyl)carbamate hemi((2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate)

C₃₆H₄₆N₄O₁₀

ee: 99%

(c1.95, CHCl₃)

Source of chirality: the precursor

Absolute configuration: (R,R,R)

Avraham Pharmaceuticals Announces Commencement of a Phase 2 Study of Ladostigil for the Treatment of MCI

Posted on May 17, 2012

Yaacov Michlin appointed Chairman of the Board and Dr. Yona Geffen appointed Chief Executive Officer

Yavne, Israel, May 17, 2012 — Avraham Pharmaceuticals Ltd. announced today the commencement of a Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ladostigil in patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This 36-month, multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial will include at least 200 patients in 16 centers in Europe and Israel.

In parallel, Avraham Pharmaceuticals has also completed the enrollment of 200 patients in a Phase 2 trial of ladostigil, a novel molecule for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The Phase 2 study is a double-blind, closed-label, placebo-controlled trial taking place at 20 sites in five countries across Europe. In January 2012, the Company performed an interim analysis of this Phase 2 trial, which indicated that the drug is safe and well tolerated, as well as shows a positive trend toward efficacy. Final results of the 26-week trial are expected in the fourth quarter of 2012.

The Company also announced today that it has appointed Yaacov Michlin, CEO of Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ltd., the technology transfer arm of the University, as Chairman of the Board and Yona Geffen, Ph.D., as Chief Executive Officer.

“We strongly believe in ladostigil and are confident that Yona’s background and extensive experience in developing therapies for neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases renders her the perfect choice to lead Avraham,” said Yaacov Michlin, Chairman of Avraham Pharmaceuticals and Chief Executive Officer of Yissum. “In further researches performed by Prof. Weinstock-Rosin, ladostigil has showed promise also for the treatment of MCI in addition to Alzheimer’s disease. We are pleased that another Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with MCI has begun in parallel, and look forward to the final results of the Phase 2 study for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease expected at the end of this year.”

“I am delighted to lead Avraham in these exciting times for the company, as we advance ladostigil in 2 Phase 2 clinical trials simultaneously. We believe that this unique drug candidate has the potential to transform the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases,” said Dr. Yona Geffen, Avraham Pharmaceuticals Chief Executive Officer.

Dr. Yona Geffen joined Avraham Pharmaceuticals in January 2011 as Senior Vice President of Clinical Affairs and Chief Operating Officer. Dr. Geffen has more than 12 years of experience in the field of drug development in biopharmaceutical companies. Prior to Avraham, she was Executive Drug Development Director at BiolineRx (NASDAQ: BLRX). Before that, Dr. Geffen was a project manager at Proneuron Biotechnologies. Dr. Geffen received her Ph.D. from Ben Gurion University in Beer Sheva, Israel. She also holds an M.Sc. in business management.

Yaacov Michlin has been CEO of Yissum since 2009. Prior to Yissum, Mr. Michlin spent over a decade in leading and assisting pharmaceutical, hi-tech and biomedical companies in various technology commercialization deals, licensing agreements, capital raising activities, partnerships, mergers and acquisitions. Michlin holds a Bachelor of Law and Economics cum laude, and a Master of Law all from Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. In addition, he has an MBA cum laude from the Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

About Ladostigil

Ladostigil is a novel cholinesterase and brain-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and neuroprotective agent for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment and other neurodegenerative diseases. The drug, which was exclusively licensed to Avraham Pharmaceuticals by Yissum Research Development Company Ltd., and by the Technion Research and Development Foundation Ltd. (TRDF), has proven to be safe and well tolerated in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. Like other cholinesterase inhibitors currently on the market, ladostigil targets symptomatic relief in Alzheimer’s disease patients. But unlike these drugs, ladostigil, which also causes brain selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) provides the potential to improve the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia such as depression and anxiety. Moreover, ladostigil has the potential to slow progression of clinical symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease for sustained periods of time and to modify the pathology associated with the disease. In addition, the neuroprotective activity of ladostigil provides a drug candidate that may have the potential to slow progression to Alzheimer’s disease in patients diagnosed with MCI. This potential has been amply demonstrated in animal models, especially in studies of ageing rats.

Ladostigil was designed by Professor Marta Weinstock-Rosin of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, inventor of Exelon® and Professor Moussa B.H. Youdim of the Technion Israel Institute of Technology, inventor of Azilect®. The drug substance was first synthesized by Professor Michael Chorev of the Hebrew University, who is now based at Harvard University. All three distinguished scientists act as scientific advisors to Avraham Pharmaceuticals.

About Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, affecting about one in 20 people 65 years of age or older, accounting for 60-80% of dementia cases. In 2010, 5.4 million people were affected by Alzheimer’s disease in the U.S., where it is the 6th leading cause of death. In Europe, more than 6 million are living with the disease. Approximately half of Alzheimer’s patients also suffer from depression, and up to 40% also exhibit Parkinson-like symptoms.

About Mild Cognitive Impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a syndrome defined as an intermediate stage between the expected cognitive decline of normal aging and the more pronounced decline of dementia. It involves problems with memory, language, thinking and judgment that are greater than typical age-related changes. Although MCI can present with a variety of symptoms, when memory loss is the predominant symptom it is termed “amnestic MCI” and is frequently seen as a prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease. Prevalence in population-based epidemiological studies ranges from 3% to 19% in adults older than 65 years. There is no proven treatment or therapy for MCI.

About Avraham Pharmaceutical

Founded in 2010, Avraham Pharmaceuticals has raised more than $12 million to advance the development of its unique, multi-functional drug substance, ladostigil, currently undergoing two Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. The Company has been capitalized by Clal Biotechnology Industries Ltd., the Pontifax Fund and Yissum Research Development Company Ltd., the technology transfer arm of the Hebrew University.

References

Weinstock M, Bejar C, Wang RH, et al. (2000). “TV3326, a novel neuroprotective drug with cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease”. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum (60): 157–69.PMID 11205137.
Weinreb O, Mandel S, Bar-Am O, et al. (January 2009). “Multifunctional neuroprotective derivatives of rasagiline as anti-Alzheimer’s disease drugs”. Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 6 (1): 163–74.doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.030. PMID 19110207.
Weinstock M, Luques L, Bejar C, Shoham S (2006). “Ladostigil, a novel multifunctional drug for the treatment of dementia co-morbid with depression”. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum (70): 443–6. PMID 17017566.
Weinreb O, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MB (December 2007). “Induction of neurotrophic factors GDNF and BDNF associated with the mechanism of neurorescue action of rasagiline and ladostigil: new insights and implications for therapy”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1122: 155–68.doi:10.1196/annals.1403.011. PMID 18077571.
Weinstock M, Poltyrev T, Bejar C, Youdim MB (March 2002). “Effect of TV3326, a novel monoamine-oxidase cholinesterase inhibitor, in rat models of anxiety and depression”.Psychopharmacology 160 (3): 318–24. doi:10.1007/s00213-001-0978-x. PMID 11889501.
Weinstock M, Gorodetsky E, Poltyrev T, Gross A, Sagi Y, Youdim M (June 2003). “A novel cholinesterase and brain-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor for the treatment of dementia comorbid with depression and Parkinson’s disease”. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 27 (4): 555–61. doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(03)00053-8.PMID 12787840.

Contact Us

Yona Geffen CEO
Avraham Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
42 Hayarkon st.
Northern Industrial Zone
Yavneh, 81227
Israel

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Ladostigil
Systematic (IUPAC) name

[(3R)-3-(prop-2-ynylamino)indan-5-yl]-N-propylcarbamate
Clinical data
Routes of administration	Oral
Legal status
Legal status	Uncontrolled
Identifiers
CAS Number	209349-27-4
ATC code	none
PubChem	CID 208907
ChemSpider	181005
UNII	SW3H1USR4Q
Synonyms	[N-propargyl-(3R)-aminoindan-5yl]-N-propylcarbamate
Chemical data
Formula	C₁₆H₂₀N₂O₂
Molar mass	272.34 g/mol