2-Phenylfuran

spectroscopy, SYNTHESIS Comments Off

Nov 092017

2-Phenylfuran

17113-33-6 cas

2-Phenylfuran (3v) [15]: According to the general procedure I and purification by column chromatography (100% PE) yielded 3v (35.9 mg, 50%) and the general procedure II yielded 3s (35.1 mg, 49%) as a white solid . 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.68-7.66 (m 2H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.23 (m, 1H), 6.645-6.639 (m, 1H), 6.461-6.457 (m, 1H). LRMS (ESI) calcd for [M+H]+ C10H9O 145.1, found 145.1.

15 Zhou, C.-Y.; Chan, P. W. H.; Che, C.-M. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 325.

Visible-Light Photoredox in Homolytic Aromatic Substitution: Direct Arylation of Arenes with Aryl Halides

Yannan Cheng, Xiangyong Gu, and Pixu Li*

Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 RenAi Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China

Org. Lett., 2013, 15 (11), pp 2664–2667

DOI: 10.1021/ol400946k

lipixu@suda.edu.cn

Abstract

Direct arylation of unactivated arenes or heteroarenes with aryl halides could be carried out in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide and dimethyl sulfoxide under visible-light irradiation. Ir(ppy)₃was found to be an effective photoredox catalyst for this reaction. The reactions of aryl iodides occurred at room temperature. Elevated temperature was required for aryl bromides. Homolytic aromatic substitution was proposed to be the operative reaction pathway.

Predicts

1H NMR

13C NMR

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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ol400946k

more info

1H NMR spectrum of C10H8O in CDCL3 at 400 MHz. Click to toggle size.

Shifts

Index	Name	Shift (ppm)
19	H7	6.582
1	H1	7.655
5	H5	7.655
15	H6	6.885
11	H2	7.415
7	H4	7.415
9	H3	7.362
17	H8	7.471

“ALL FOR DRUGS” CATERS TO EDUCATION GLOBALLY, No commercial exploits are done or advertisements added by me. This is a compilation for educational purposes only. P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent

Transition-Metal-Free Cross-Coupling of Aryl and Heteroaryl Thiols with Arylzinc Reagents

spectroscopy, SYNTHESIS, Uncategorized Comments Off

Nov 092017

Zhong-Xia WANG

N,N-dimethyl-4-biphenylamine

(1) N,N-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-amine (3a) 5,6

Elute: EtOAc/petroleum ether: 1/100 (v/v), white solid, yield 97.8 mg (99%).

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.56 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.30–7.21 (m, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (s, 6H).

13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 150.09, 141.34, 129.37, 128.78, 127.84, 126.43, 126.12, 112.90, 40.97.

5 Yang, X.; Wang, Z.-X. Organometallics 2014, 33, 5863.

(6) Stibingerova, I.; Voltrova, S.; Kocova, S.; Lindale, M.; Srogl, J. Org. Lett. 2016, 18, 312.

Transition-Metal-Free Cross-Coupling of Aryl and Heteroaryl Thiols with Arylzinc Reagents

Bo Yang^† and Zhong-Xia Wang^*^†^‡

^† CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China

^‡ Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China

Org. Lett., Article ASAP

DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03145

*E-mail: zxwang@ustc.edu.cn.

Abstract

Cross-coupling of (hetero)arylthiols with arylzinc reagents via C–S cleavage was performed under transition-metal-free conditions. The reaction displays a wide scope of substrates and high functional-group tolerance. Electron-rich and -deficient (hetero)arylthiols and arylzinc reagents can be employed in this transformation. Mg²⁺ and Li⁺ ions were demonstrated to facilitate the reaction.

In summary, we developed a transition-metal-free coupling reaction of (hetero)arylthiols with arylzinc reagents to form bi(hetero)aryls. The reaction exhibited wide substrate scope and good compatibility of functional groups. Electron-rich and -poor aryl or heteroaryl thiols can be converted. Various arylzinc reagents, including electron-rich and electron-poor reagents, can be employed as the coupling partners. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest a nucleophilic aromatic substitution pathway, and Mg²⁺ and Li⁺ ions play important roles in the process of reaction. This study provides an example of S^2– as a leaving group in an aromatic system and an effective methodology for the synthesis of bi(hetero)aryls including pharmaceutical molecules without transition-metal impurities.

Zhong-Xia WANG


	Department：	Department of Chemistry
	Mailing Address：	Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Rd, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
	Postal Code：	230026
	Phone：	+86-551-63603043
	Fax：
	Homepage：	http://chem.ustc.edu.cn/szdw_16/bd/201210/t20121023_142877.html

Zhong-Xia Wang is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Science and Technology 
of China. He received his BS degree (1983) and MS degree (1986) from Nankai University, 
and PhD degree (1997) from the University of Sussex, UK. Since July 1986, Wang has been working 
at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) successively as Assistant, 
Lecturer, Associate Professor, and Professor. From Aug. 1993 to Oct. 1996, he pursued his doctoral 
studies at the University of Sussex, UK, and from Oct. 1999 to Oct. 2000, he was a Research Associate 
at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

 学 系
Department of Chemistry

Predicts

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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03145

“ALL FOR DRUGS” CATERS TO EDUCATION GLOBALLY, No commercial exploits are done or advertisements added by me. This is a compilation for educational purposes only. P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent

Benzisoxazole: a privileged scaffold for medicinal chemistry

new drugs, organic chemistry, SYNTHESIS, Uncategorized Comments Off

Nov 082017

Benzisoxazole: a privileged scaffold for medicinal chemistry

Med. Chem. Commun., 2017, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C7MD00449D, Review Article

K. P. Rakesh, C. S. Shantharam, M. B. Sridhara, H. M. Manukumar, Hua-Li Qin
The benzisoxazole analogs represent one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and there has been an increasing number of studies on benzisoxazole-containing compounds.

Benzisoxazole: a privileged scaffold for medicinal chemistry

K. P. Rakesh,^a C. S. Shantharam,*^b M. B. Sridhara,^c H. M. Manukumar^d and Hua-Li Qin*^a

*Corresponding authors

^aDepartment of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, PR China
E-mail:qinhuali@whut.edu.cn
Fax: +86 27 87749300

^bDepartment of Chemistry, Pooja Bhagavath Memorial Mahajana Education Centre, Mysuru-570016, India
E-mail:shantharamcs@gmail.com
Tel: +91 8904386977

^cDepartment of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi-591156, India

^dDepartment of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru-570006, India

Abstract

The benzisoxazole analogs represent one of the privileged structures in medicinal chemistry and there has been an increasing number of studies on benzisoxazole-containing compounds. The unique benzisoxazole scaffold also exhibits an impressive potential as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-glycation agents and so on. This review examines the state of the art in medicinal chemistry as it relates to the comprehensive and general summary of the different benzisoxazole analogs, their use as starting building blocks of multifarious architectures on scales sufficient to drive human drug trials. The number of reports describing benzisoxazole-containing highly active compounds leads to the expectation that this scaffold will further emerge as a potential candidate in the field of drug discovery.

Hua-Li Qin

Dr. Hua-Li Qin Ph. D 2009
qinhuali@bu.edu

Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, PR China

Hua-Li joined the Panek group in 2005.

B.S. Chemistry Engineering 2000
M.S. Chemistry 2004 University of Science & Technology of China

C. S. Shantharam

M.Sc., Ph.D

Assistant professor

Pooja Bhagavat Memorial Mahaja… , Mysore · Department of Chemistry

Department of Chemistry, Pooja Bhagavath Memorial Mahajana Education Centre, Mysuru-570016, India

Hua-Li Qin

Manukumar H M

Master of Science

Research Scholar

University of Mysore , Mysore · Department of Biotechnology

////////////Benzisoxazole, scaffold, medicinal chemistry

“ALL FOR DRUGS” CATERS TO EDUCATION GLOBALLY, No commercial exploits are done or advertisements added by me. This is a compilation for educational purposes only. P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent

Metal-free synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles using surfactants in aqueous medium

organic chemistry, SYNTHESIS Comments Off

Nov 072017

Metal-free synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles using surfactants in aqueous medium

Green Chem., 2017, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C7GC01874F, Communication

Amrendra Kumar, Ramanand, Narender Tadigoppula
An efficient and metal-free method has been developed for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrrole derivatives with combination of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton X-100 surfactants using water as a solvent at room temperature in 2-6 h and under microwave conditions (10 min) with good to excellent yields.

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2017/GC/C7GC01874F?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2FGC+%28RSC+-+Green+Chem.+latest+articles%29#!divAbstract

Metal-free synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles using surfactants in aqueous medium

Amrendra Kumar,^a Ramanand^a and Narender Tadigoppula*^a

*Corresponding authors

^aMedicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 031, India
E-mail: t_narendra@cdri.res.in
Tel: +91-522-2772450 Ext: 4737

Dr. Narender Tadigoppula

Principal Scientist
Medicinal & Process Chemistry
Central Drug Research Institute
India

Dr. Narender Tadigoppula is currently principal scientist in the department of medicine chemistry central drug research institute. He published more than 30 research articles. His major major research activities are identification of biologically active lead molecules through activity guided fraction and isolation work on the medicinal plants, marine organisms and microorganisms for metabolic diseases (hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia), parasitic diseases (leishmania and malaria), cancer etc., and chemical transformation of natural products of biological importance to improve their potency. We synthesize these biologically active lead molecules and their analogues in our laboratory. We have identified several lead molecules from the Indian medicinal plants for various disease areas as described below and further work is in progress to develop natural products based drugs.

Abstract

An efficient and metal-free method has been developed for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrrole derivatives via intermolecular cycloaddition of substituted 1-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)-ethan-1-one/1-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)-propan-1-ones/2-((4-methoxyphenyl)amino)-1-(thiophen-2-yl)ethan-1-one/1-(furan-2-yl)-2-((4-methoxyphenyl)amino)ethan-1-one/1-(benzofuran-3-yl)-2-((4-methoxyphenyl)amino)ethan-1-one and dialkyl acetylene dicarboxylate/ethylbutynoate in the presence of a combination of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Triton X-100 surfactants using water as a solvent at room temperature in 2–6 h under microwave conditions (10 min) with good to excellent yields.

Diethyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrrole 2,3dicarboxylate

white solid, yield 77%, mp 128-130 ;

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.38(d, J = 8.2,2H), 7.31 (d, J = 7.9, 2H), 7.21 (d, J = 7.12, 2H), 6.99-6.96 (m, 3H), 4.31 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (q, J = 7.6Hz, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.31 (t, J = 7.9Hz, 3H), 1.19 (t, J = 7.5Hz, 3H) ;

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 166.3, 159.9, 149.0, 148.8, 136.7, 132.6, 130.3, 129.2, 127.6, 125.8, 124.5, 123.4, 121.5, 118.3, 110.5, 110.2, 61.2, 60.7, 56.0, 21.1, 14.0, 13.9.

IR (KBr) ṽ (cm-1): 2981.9, 1717.9, 1514.1, 1419.2, 1381.3, 1245.0, 1175.9, 1226.7, 1043.6, 835.7, 755.3, 663.

HRESIMS: m/zcalcd for [M+H]+ C24H26NO5 408.1805 found 408.1845.

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O=C(OCC)c2c(c(cn2c1ccc(OC)cc1)c3ccc(C)cc3)C(=O)OCC

“ALL FOR DRUGS” CATERS TO EDUCATION GLOBALLY, No commercial exploits are done or advertisements added by me. This is a compilation for educational purposes only. P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent

An efficient green protocol for the synthesis of tetra-substituted imidazoles catalyzed by zeolite BEA: effect of surface acidity and polarity of zeolite

spectroscopy, SYNTHESIS, Uncategorized Comments Off

Nov 032017

Image result for Kalpana C. Maheria sv

1-benzyl-2, 4, 5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole

. 1-Benzyl-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole (5a, n = 1).

Off-white solid; m.p.: 160–162 °C;

anal. calcd. for C28H22N2: C, 87.01, H, 5.74, N, 7.25%. Found: C, 87.13, H, 5.70, N, 7.19%;

UV (λmax, ethanol) = 280 nm;

FT-IR (KBr, cm−1 ): 3060 (C–H stretch), 3031, 1600 (CN), 1497, 1483, 1447 (CC), 1352 (C–N stretch), 769, 697 (C–H band);

1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO): 5.16 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.74–7.67 (m, 20H, Ar–H) ppm;

13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO): 47.6 (CH2, C8), 125.1 (CHarom, C28), 126.0 (CHarom, C26), 126.2 (CHarom, C30), 126.4 (CHarom, C11), 127.0 (CHarom, C15), 127.1 (CHarom, C16), 127.7 (CHarom, C20), 128.0 (CHarom, C21), 128.1 (CHarom, C25), 128.4 (CHarom, C13), 128.5 (CHarom, C18), 128.6 (CHarom, C27), 128.8 (C1), 128.8 (CHarom, C12), 128.9 (CHarom, C14), 130.1 (CHarom, C17), 130.3 (CHarom, C19), 130.5 (CHarom, C22), 130.7 (CHarom, C24), 131.0 (CHarom, C29), 134.4 (CHarom, C9), 135.1 (CHarom, C23), 136.8 (CHarom, C7), 137.0 (CHarom, C10), 137.2 (CHarom, C6), 145.4 (C2), 147.0 (C4) ppm;

MS: m/z = 387.5 (M + H)+

An efficient green protocol for the synthesis of tetra-substituted imidazoles catalyzed by zeolite BEA: effect of surface acidity and polarity of zeolite

Jenifer J. Gabla,^a Sunil R. Mistry^b and Kalpana C. Maheria*^a

Jenifer J Gabla

S V National Institute of Technology, India

Jenifer J Gabla has obtained her MSc degree in Organic Chemistry, in the year 2013 from Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Gujarat. She is currently pursuing her PhD in the area of solid acid catalyzed multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of biologically active drug molecules, at Applied Chemistry Department (ACD), S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) under the guidance of Kalpana Maheria, Assistant Professor & Head, ACD, SVNIT, Surat, Gujarat, India. Her research focuses on development of novel zeolite based catalytic materials and exploring their utility in the green process development for the synthesis of medicinal compounds. She has presented her research in several national and international conferences.

Kalpana C. Maheria

*Corresponding authors

^aApplied Chemistry Department, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath, Surat – 395007, India
E-mail:kcmaheria@gmail.com

^bMandvi Science College, Mandvi – 394160, Surat, India

Abstract

In the present study, the catalytic activity of various medium (H-ZSM-5) and large pore (H-BEA, H-Y, H-MOR) zeolites were studied as solid acid catalysts. The zeolite H-BEA is found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 1-benzyl-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazoles through one-pot, 4-component reaction (4-CR) between benzil, NH₄OAc, substituted aromatic aldehydes and benzyl amine. The hydrophobicity, Si/Al ratio and acidic properties of zeolite BEA were well improved by controlled dealumination. The synthesized materials were characterized by various characterization techniques such as XRD, ICP-OES, BET, NH₃-TPD, FT-IR, pyridine FT-IR, ²⁷Al and ¹H MAS NMR. It has been observed that the dealumination of the parent zeolite H-BEA (12) results in the enhanced strength of Brønsted acidity up to a certain Si/Al ratio which is attributed to the inductive effect of Lewis acidic EFAl species, leading to the higher activity of the zeolite BEA (15) catalyst towards the synthesis of 1-benzyl-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazoles under thermal solvent-free conditions with good to excellent yields. Using the present catalytic synthetic protocol, diverse tetra-substituted imidazoles, which are among the significant biologically active scaffolds, were synthesized in high yield within a shorter reaction time. The effect of polarity, surface acidity and extra framework Al species of the catalysts has been well demonstrated by means of pyridine FT-IR, and ²⁷Al and ¹H MAS NMR. The solvent-free synthetic protocol makes the process environmentally benign and economically viable.

Image result for S. V. National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath, Surat

S. V. National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath, Surat

Mandvi Science College, Mandvi – 394160, Surat, India

////////

DISCLAIMER

“ALL FOR DRUGS” CATERS TO EDUCATION GLOBALLY, No commercial exploits are done or advertisements added by me. This is a compilation for educational purposes only. P.S. : The views expressed are my personal and in no-way suggest the views of the professional body or the company that I represent

Isosorbide dimethyl ether

PROCESS, spectroscopy, SYNTHESIS Comments Off

Oct 162017

Image result for Isosorbide dimethyl ether

CAS Registry No.:	5306-85-4
Molecular Formula:	C₈H₁₄O₄	Molecular Weight:	174.2

Image result for Isosorbide dimethyl ether SYNTHESIS

13 C NMR

22.53 MHz
C₈ H₁₄ O₄	0.05 ml : 0.5 ml CDCl₃

1H NMR

IR NEAT

RAMAN

////////

Diethyl Isosorbide (DEI)

spectroscopy, SYNTHESIS, Uncategorized Comments Off

Oct 162017

Diethyl Isosorbide (DEI): []D 20 +95.9 (c 1, in MeOH);

1H NMR (400 MHz; CDCl3; Me4Si):  4.63 (t, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H, H-4), 4.51 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H, H-3), 4.06–3.90 (m, 5H, H- 1, H-2, H-5, H-6), 3.80–3.69 (m, 1H, CH2-OC-5), 3.63–3.49 (m, 4H, H-6, CH2-OC-5, CH2- OC-2), 1.23 ppm (dt, J = 17.8, 7.0 Hz, 6H, CH3CH2O-C-2, CH3CH2O-C-5);

13C NMR (101 MHz; CDCl3; Me4Si):  86.57 (C-3), 84.45 (C-2), 80.36 (C-5), 80.27 (C-4), 73.64 (C-1), 69.81 (C-6), 66.28 (CH2-O-C-5), 65.24 (CH2-O-C-2), 15.49 ppm (CH3-CH2OC-5), 15.44 (CH3-CH2OC-2);

MS (70 eV): m/z 202 (M+ , 6%), 157 (1), 113 (17), 89 (33), 69 (100), 57 (11), 44 (39).

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Synthesis of isosorbide: an overview of challenging reactions

PROCESS, SYNTHESIS Comments Off

Oct 162017

Synthesis of isosorbide: an overview of challenging reactions

Green Chem., 2017, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C7GC01912B, Tutorial Review

C. Dussenne, T. Delaunay, V. Wiatz, H. Wyart, I. Suisse, M. Sauthier
This review gives an overview of the catalysts and technologies developed for the synthesis of isosorbide, a platform molecule derived from biomass (sorbitol and cellulose).

Synthesis of isosorbide: an overview of challenging reactions

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2017/GC/C7GC01912B?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2FGC+%28RSC+-+Green+Chem.+latest+articles%29#!divAbstract

C. Dussenne,^a T. Delaunay,^b V. Wiatz,^c H. Wyart,^c I. Suisse^a and M. Sauthier*^a

Author affiliations

*Corresponding authors

^aUMR 8181 Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, Université Lille Nord de France, USTL, ENSCL, Cité Scientifique, 59652 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France

^bInstitut Français des Matériaux Agro-Sourcés, Parc Scientifique de la Haute Borne, 60 Avenue du Halley, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

^cRoquette Frères, 62080 Lestrem Cedex, France

Abstract

Isosorbide is a diol derived from sorbitol and obtained through dehydration reactions that has raised much interest in the literature over the past few decades. Thus, this platform chemical is a biobased alternative to a number of petrosourced molecules that can find applications in a large number of technical specialty fields, such as plasticizers, monomers, solvents or pharmaceuticals. The synthesis of isosorbide is still a technical challenge, as several competitive reactions must be simultaneously handled to promote a high molar yield and avoid side reactions, like degradation and polymerization. In this purpose, many studies have proposed innovative and varied methods with promising results. This review gives an overview of the synthesis strategies and catalysts developed to access this very attractive molecule, pointing out both the results obtained and the remaining issues connected to isosorbide synthesis.

Up to now, isosorbide has been used to access a large panel of molecules with relevant applicative properties and industrial reality (Scheme 2).12 Isosorbide dinitrate is used since several decades as vasodilator.13, 14 The dimethyl isosorbide is for example used as solvent in cosmetics15-17 and isosorbide diesters18-22 are actually industrially produced and commercialized as surfactants23-27 and PVC plasticizer28, 29 . The rigid scaffold associated to the bifunctionality of the molecule has attracted a strong interest in the field of polymers chemistry. Isosorbide and derivatives have thus been shown as suitable monomers for the industrial production of polycarbonates30, 31, polyesters32-41 or polyamides42-44, with attractive applicative properties. For example, isosorbide allows the increase of Tg, improves the scratch resistance and gives excellent optical properties to polymers. Polyesters and polycarbonates containing isosorbide have now commercial developments in food packaging, spray container, automotive, material for electronic devices … .

Conclusions

Isosorbide is a versatile platform molecule that shows key features to make it a credible alternative to petro-based products. The molecule is already available on large industrial scale (tens of thousands tons per years), which allows its development in commercial products such as active pharma ingredient, additive for cosmetic, speciality chemicals and polymers (ex: polycarbonates – polyesters). The development of more selective and higher yields syntheses of isosorbide are greatly needed to consolidate isosorbide production in view of a large expansion of its uses. Sorbitol conversion to isosorbide, relying on a starch route, is already a tough challenge. In a farther future, development of a credible path to isosorbide relying on cellulose source could even be thought of, provided that very versatile innovative catalysts will be developed in the next years. In all cases, a key issue is to develop catalysts that will avoid the massive production of “oligomeric/polymeric” by-products in order to access more sustainable processes by limiting the amounts of wastes produced during the synthesis. For this purpose, more selective homogeneous catalysts than the conventional Brønsted acids or alternative reaction conditions would be of strong interest. Selective and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts would be even more profitable as they would allow the continuous production of catalyst free isosorbide. This latter approach faces strong limitations due to the need of high reaction temperatures that often result in high amounts of side-products and the need of frequent and often tedious catalyst regeneration. Innovation concerning isosorbide synthesis is still an open field on which the design of efficient and robust catalysts, either homogeneous or heterogeneous, is a key issue. Such developments would pave the way to high scale effective processes considering altogether synthesis and purification of isosorbide.

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Image result for ISOSORBIDE SYNTHESIS

Isosorbide is a heterocyclic compound that is derived from glucose. Isosorbide and its two isomers, namely isoidide and isomannide, are 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols. It is a white solid that is prepared from the double dehydration of sorbitol. Isosorbide is a non-toxic diolproduced from biobased feedstocks, that is biodegradable and thermally stable. It is used in medicine and has been touted as a potential biofeedstock.

Production

Hydrogenation of glucose gives sorbitol. Isosorbide is obtained by double dehydration of sorbitol:

(CHOH)₄(CH₂OH)₂ → C₆H₁₀O₂(OH)₂ + 2 H₂O

An intermediate in the dehydration is the monocycle sorbitan.^[1]

Application

Isosorbide is used as a diuretic, mainly to treat hydrocephalus, and is also used to treat glaucoma.^[2] Other medications are derived from isosorbide, including isosorbide dinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate, are used to treat angina pectoris. Other isosorbide-based medicines are used as osmotic diuretics and for treatment of esophageal varices. Like other nitric oxide donors (see biological functions of nitric oxide), these drugs lower portal pressure by vasodilation and decreasing cardiac output. Isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazineare the two components of the anti-hypertensive drug isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine (Bidil).

Isosorbide is also used as a building block for bio based polymers such as polyesters.^[3]

References

Jump up^ M. Rose, R. Palkovits (2012). “Isosorbide as a Renewable Platform chemical for Versatile Applications—Quo Vadis?”. ChemSusChem. 5 (1): 167–176. PMID 22213713. doi:10.1002/cssc.201100580.
Jump up^ CID 12597 from PubChem
Jump up^ Bersot J.C. (2011). “Efficiency Increase of Poly (ethylene terephthalate‐co‐isosorbide terephthalate) Synthesis using Bimetallic Catalytic Systems”. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 212 (19): 2114–2120. doi:10.1002/macp.201100146.

Isosorbide
Names

Other names D-Isosorbide; 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro-D-sorbitol; 1,4-Dianhydrosorbitol
Identifiers
CAS Number	652-67-5
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	12077
ECHA InfoCard	100.010.449
KEGG	D00347
PubChem CID	12597
UNII	WXR179L51S
InChI [show]
SMILES [show]
Properties
Chemical formula	C₆H₁₀O₄
Molar mass	146.14 g·mol⁻¹
Appearance	Highly hygroscopic white flakes
Density	1.30 at 25 °C
Melting point	62.5 to 63 °C (144.5 to 145.4 °F; 335.6 to 336.1 K)
Boiling point	160 °C (320 °F; 433 K) at 10 mmHg
Solubility in water	in water (>850 g/L), alcoholsand ketones
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

From the net

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1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of PTMG, isosorbide, HDI, and polyurethane.HDI: hexamethylene diisocyanate; PTMG: poly(tetramethylene glycol).

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REF

http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/gc/c4/c4gc01822b/c4gc01822b1.pdf

Synthesis of five- and six-membered heterocycles by dimethyl carbonate with catalytic amount of nitrogen bicyclic bases

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/gc/c4gc01822b#!divAbstract

F. Aricò, a,*S. Evaristoa and P. Tundoa,*

Catalytic amount of a nitrogen bicyclic base, i.e., DABCO, DBU and TBD is effective for the one-pot synthesis of heterocycles from 1,4-, 1,5-diols and 1,4-bifunctional compounds via dimethyl carbonate chemistry under neat conditions. Nitrogen bicyclic bases, that previously showed to enhance the reactivity of DMC in methoxycarbonylation reaction by BAc2 mechanism, are herein used for the first time as efficient catalysts for cyclization reaction encompassing both BAc2 and BAl2 pathways. This synthetic procedure was also applied to a large scale synthesis of cyclic sugars isosorbide and isomannide starting from D-sorbitol and D-mannitol, respectively. The resulting anhydro sugar alcohols were obtained as pure crystalline compounds that did not require any further purification or crystallization.

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Larger scale synthesis of isosorbide: In a round bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser, D-sorbitol (0.05 mol, 1.00 mol. eq.), DMC (0.44 mol, 8.00 mol. eq.), DBU (2.70 mmol, 0.05 mol. eq.) and MeOH (20.00 mL) were heated at reflux while stirring. The progress of the reaction was monitored by NMR. After 48 hours the reaction was stopped, cooled at room temperature and the mixture was filtered over Gooch n°4. Finally, DMC was evaporated under vacuum and the product was obtained as pure in 98% yield (7.90 g, 0.05 mol). Characterization data were consistent with those obtained for the commercially available compound.

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File:Isosorbide dinitrate synthesis.png

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Total synthesis of (-)-aritasone via the ultra-high pressure hetero-Diels-Alder dimerisation of (-)-pinocarvone

organic chemistry, spectroscopy, SYNTHESIS Comments Off

Oct 102017

Total synthesis of (-)-aritasone via the ultra-high pressure hetero-Diels-Alder dimerisation of (-)-pinocarvone

Org. Biomol. Chem., 2017, Advance Article

DOI: 10.1039/C7OB02204B, Paper

Maliha Uroos, Phillip Pitt, Laurence M. Harwood, William Lewis, Alexander J. Blake, Christopher J. Hayes
The total synthesis of aritasone via the proposed biosyntheic hetero-Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cyclodimerisation of pinocarvove, has been achieved under ultra-high pressure (19.9 kbar) conditions

Total synthesis of (−)-aritasone via the ultra-high pressure hetero-Diels–Alder dimerisation of (−)-pinocarvone

Maliha Uroos,^a Phillip Pitt,^b Laurence M. Harwood,^b William Lewis,^a Alexander J. Blake^a and Christopher J. Hayes*^a

Author affiliations

*Corresponding authors

^aSchool of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
E-mail:chris.hayes@nottingham.ac.uk
Fax: +44 (0)115951 3564
Tel: +44 (0)115 951 3045

^bChemical Sciences Division, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK

Image of Christopher Hayes

Christopher Hayes

Abstract

This paper describes a total synthesis of the terpene-derived natural product aritasone via the hetero-Diels–Alder [4 + 2] cyclodimerisation of pinocarvove, which represents the proposed biosyntheic route. The hetero-Diels–Alder dimerisation of pinocarvone did not proceed under standard conditions, and ultra-high pressure (19.9 kbar) was required. As it seems unlikely that these ultra-high pressures are accessible within a plant cell, we suggest that the original biosynthetic hypothesis be reconsidered, and alternatives are discussed.

Aritasone (1) A solution of pinocarvone (()-2) (100 mg, 0.66 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was pressurized to 19.9 kbar for 120 h. The 1H NMR spectrum of the crude reaction mixture showed significant change in the composition as compared to the starting material. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography (pentane/Et2O; 25/1) to afford aritasone (1) (20 mg, 40%) as a white solid; mp 101- 103 C; (lit3 mp 105-106 °C); []D 26 26.1 (c 0.40 in CHCl3); (lit3 []D 9 118); max/cm-1 (CHCl3) 2926, 2359, 1722, 1689, 1601, 1467, 1372, 1305, 1152; H (400 MHz; CDCl3, 298 K) 2.67 (2H, app dd, J 4.8, 2.5, H-2a, H-2b), 2.45-2.32 (3H, m, H-7a, H-15a, H-3), 2.15-2.01 (4H, m, H-10, H-12, H-15b, H-16a), 1.91-1.80 (2H, m, H-4, H-16b), 1.66 (1H, ddd, J 13.8, 6.4, 3.4, H-7b), 1.38 (3H, s, CH3), 1.29-1.22 (7H, br s, CH3, H-13a, H-13b, H-8a, H- 8b), 0.90 (3H, s, CH3), 0.80 (3H, s, CH3); C (100 MHz; CDCl3, 298 K) 209.5 (C), 142.9 (C), 112.8 (C), 80.8 (C), 45.2 (CH), 44.3 (CH), 43.7 (CH2), 40.9 (CH), 40.5 (C), 39.4 (CH), 38.3 (C), 33.2 (CH2), 32.7 (CH2), 27.7 (CH3), 27.3 (CH2), 27.3 (CH3), 26.3 (CH3), 22.5 (CH2), 22.1 (CH2), 20.9 (CH3); HRMS m/z (ES+ ) found 301.2162 (M + H) C20H29O2 requires 301.2162 and 323.1981 (M + Na) C20H28O2Na requires 323.1982. These data were consistent to those previously reported, 5, 7 however the value of the specific rotation5 differs significantly from that measured during the original isolation work.3

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Christopher Hayes

Contact

Room C16 School of Chemistry
University Park
Nottingham
NG7 2RD
UK
0115 951 3045
0115 951 3564
chris.hayes@nottingham.ac.uk
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~pczcjh/Homepage.html

Biography

Prof. Christopher Hayes began his academic career here in Nottingham with his B.Sc. in July 1992. Remaining at Nottingham, he completed his Ph.D. studies in organic chemistry, under the supervision of Professor Gerald Pattenden, in September 1995. In January 1996, on a NATO Postdoctoral Fellowship, he moved to the University of California at Berkeley where he worked in the group of Professor Clayton H. Heathcock. In September 1997, he returned to Nottingham as a Lecturer in Organic Chemistry, and has subsequently been promoted to Reader (2003), Associate Professor (2006) and Professor of Organic Chemistry (2011).

Research Summary

Research is centred in main-stream synthetic organic chemistry, focusing on the organic chemistry of biologically active molecules. His current research interests span a number of areas such as (i)… read more

Recent Publications

NICOLLE, SIMON M., LEWIS, WILLIAM, HAYES, CHRISTOPHER J. and MOODY, CHRISTOPHER J., 2016. Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrrolidines by the Diverted N-H Insertion Reaction of Metallocarbenes with -Aminoketone Derivatives: Angewandte Chemie-International Edition Angewandte Chemie-International Edition. 55(11), 3749-3753
BARTON, NAOMI A., MARSH, BENJAMIN J., LEWIS, WILLIAM, NARRAIDOO, NATHALIE, SEYMOUR, GRAHAM B., FRAY, RUPERT and HAYES, CHRISTOPHER J., 2016. Accessing low-oxidation state taxanes: is taxadiene-4(5)-epoxide on the taxol biosynthetic pathway?: Chemical Science Chemical Science. 7(5), 3102-3107
PALFRAMAN, MATTHEW J., ALHARTHY, RIMA D., POWALOWSKA, PAULINA K. and HAYES, CHRISTOPHER J., 2016. Synthesis of triazole-linked morpholino oligonucleotides via Cu-I catalysed cycloaddition: Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 14(11), 3112-3119
NICOLLE, SIMON M., HAYES, CHRISTOPHER J. and MOODY, CHRISTOPHER J., 2015. Alkyl Halide-Free Heteroatom Alkylation and Epoxidation Facilitated by a Recyclable Polymer-Supported Oxidant for the In-Flow Preparation of Diazo Compounds: Chemistry-a European Journal Chemistry-a European Journal. 21(12), 4576-4579

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A green route for methanol carbonylation

spectroscopy, SYNTHESIS Comments Off

Oct 092017

A green route for methanol carbonylation

Catal. Sci. Technol., 2017, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C7CY01621B, Paper

Youming Ni, Lei Shi, Hongchao Liu, Wenna Zhang, Yong Liu, Wenliang Zhu, Zhongmin Liu
Halide-free and noble metal-free pyridine-modified H-mordenites exhibit high stability and selectivity in methanol carbonylation to acetic acid.

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2017/CY/C7CY01621B?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2Fcy+%28RSC+-+Catalysis+Science+%26+Technology+latest+articles%29#!divAbstract

A green route for methanol carbonylation

Youming Ni,^a^b Lei Shi,^a^b Hongchao Liu,^a^b Wenna Zhang,^a^b^c Yong Liu,^a^b Wenliang Zhu*^a^b and Zhongmin Liu*^a^b

Author affiliations

*Corresponding authors

^aNational Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
E-mail: wlzhu@dicp.ac.cn, liuzm@dicp.ac.cn

^bDalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China

^cUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China

Abstract

Acetic acid is one of the most important bulk commodity chemicals and is currently manufactured by methanol carbonylation reactions with rhodium or iridium organometallic complexes and halide-containing promoters named Monsanto or BP Cativa™ homogeneous processes, respectively. Developing a halide-free catalyst and a heterogeneous process for methanol carbonylation is of great importance and has recently attracted extensive research attention. Here, we report a green route for direct synthesis of acetic acid via vapor-phase carbonylation of methanol with a stable, selective, halide-free, and noble metal-free catalyst based on pyridine-modified H-mordenite zeolite. Methanol conversion and acetic acid selectivity can reach up to 100% and 95%, respectively. Only little deactivation is observed during the 145 hour reaction.

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