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Sustainable chemistry: how to produce better and more from less?

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Oct 072017

Sustainable chemistry: how to produce better and more from less?

Green Chem., 2017, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C7GC02006F, Perspective

P. Marion, B. Bernela, A. Piccirilli, B. Estrine, N. Patouillard, J. Guilbot, F. Jerome
This review describes the rapid evolution of chemistry in the context of a sustainable development of our society. Written in collaboration between scientists from different horizons, either from public organizations or chemical companies, we aim here at providing recommendations to accelerate the emergence of eco-designed products on the market.

Sustainable chemistry: how to produce better and more from less?

http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2017/GC/C7GC02006F?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+rss%2FGC+%28RSC+-+Green+Chem.+latest+articles%29#!divAbstract

P. Marion,^a B. Bernela,^b A. Piccirilli,^c B. Estrine,^d N. Patouillard,^e J. Guilbot^f and F. Jérôme*^g

Author affiliations

*Corresponding authors

^aSOLVAY, 85 rue des frères Perret, BP 62, F-69192 Saint Fons Cedex, France

^bINCREASE FR CNRS 3707/Centre de Recherche sur l’Intégration Economique et Financière, Université de Poitiers, 2 rue Jean Carbonnier, Bât A1, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France

^cBIOSYNTHIS, 6 Chemin de la Pierre Percée, 91410 Saint-Cyr-sous-Dourdan, France

^dARD-Agro-industrie Recherches et Développements, Green Chemistry Department, Route de Bazancourt, F-51110 Pomacle, France

^ePENNAKEM LLC, 3324 Chelsea avenue, Memphis, USA

^fSEPPIC-AIR LIQUIDE, 127 chemin Poudrerie, 81105 Castres, France

^gINCREASE FR CNRS 3707/Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, ENSIP, 1 rue Marcel Doré, 86073 Poitiers, France
E-mail: francois.jerome@univ-poitiers.fr

Abstract

The International Symposium on Green Chemistry (ISGC) organized in 2013, 2015 and 2017 has gathered many senior and young talented scientists from all around the world (2200 attendees in three editions), either from academia or industry. Through outstanding conferences, communications, debates, and round tables, ISGC has been the witness of the rapid evolution of chemistry in the context of a sustainable development of our societies, not only at the scientific and industrial levels but also on education, networking and societal aspects. This critical review synthesizes the different points of view and the discussions having taken place at ISGC and gives a general picture of chemistry, including few scientific disciplines such as catalysis, processes, resource management, and environmental impact, among others, within the framework of sustainable development. This critical review, co-authored by researchers from public organizations and chemical companies (small, medium and large industrial groups) provides criteria and recommendations which, in our view, should be considered from the outset of research to accelerate the emergence of eco-designed products on the market.

Conclusions

Sustainable chemistry is the only mean to generate performant products and long lasting solutions able to generate business and profit for chemical industry. Performance is the best systemic answer for customer needs and our societies. Defining sustainable chemistry is, however, far to be an easy task because chemistry is a highly dynamic system. The sustainability of a value chain is for instance directly depending on the access to energy (and above all to its origin – coal, gas, biomass…) and on the supply of raw materials. In the current economic context, it could be not so easy to predict what will be the best source of energy or raw materials for a desired product in the future. The development of predictive tools is now essential and will represent probably one of the next scientific challenges in the coming years. During the last 20 years, utilization of renewable feedstocks in chemical processes has become a strategy of growing interest but it definitely does not guarantee the establishment of a sustainable chemistry. Indeed, in some cases, it is more sustainable to produce a chemical from a fossil carbon source using decarbonized energy than the reverse. It is very important to distinguish the carbon found in the final product from the carbon content corresponding to the energy which is required the product production (going from raw materials to manufacturing, end of life, etc.). In this area, the concept of biorefinery can help to secure developments and to minimize investments in production plant by mutualizing facilities and R&D initiatives. Cooperation with local producers can also be a valuable way to implement new bio‐based products while favouring sustainable agricultural practices. Whatever the raw materials (renewable or fossil), a complete and systemic life cycle analysis of the whole chain value (from resources to manufacturing, use and end of life) must be performed because it gives us an accurate picture of the overall economic, environmental and societal performances of a product in an application for a defined market. In general, one should never forget that sustainable chemistry should help the society to produce more and better (products). Emergence of sustainable innovations on the market takes a lot of time because chemists have to reinvent chemistry. To achieve our transition to a sustainable society, we must think differently and bring together the worlds of finance, manufacturers, researchers and public authorities. The current method of funding of research and innovation is not satisfying yet because too often based on short‐term projects and with high Technology Readiness Level. Governments have to realize that this funding method slows down, and sometime also hampers, the emergence of future sustainable innovations. Evolution of regulations with the aim of banning toxic, eco‐toxic or poor biodegradable products is an important driver for sustainable innovation. It is now seen and shared as a positive sign providing opportunities to develop systemically better solutions and allowing chemical companies advocating sustainable development and products as a must to stay in the competition. As examples, ban of CFC, replacement of chlorinated or other toxic solvents, substitution of endocrine disruptors lead to better solutions for the global benefit of our societies. Improving public perception and awareness on sustainable chemistry is on the way but more efforts will be needed in the future to definitely contribute to the emergence of eco‐ designed chemicals on the market.

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Below we provide a bulleted list to summarize the main recommendations that are, in our views, essential for designing sustainable products. (1) Products design & Manufacture: For the intended application, sustainable chemicals must imperatively bring a global benefit, created by a scientific or technological breakthrough, while minimizing risks. They should also generate profit to emerge on the market. Products should be produced according to the 12 principles of green chemistry. In addition, their end of life should be integrated at the outset of research, (2) Resources: They should be available for future generations and should have low environmental impact (protecting endangered species, deforestation, erosion of biodiversity, contamination of natural resources, global warming, etc.), it should make progress the societal development of concerned area (sharing any benefits with local producer, no child labour, help developing countries, etc.) and their utilization should not destabilise other supply chains. Non edible raw material, a return to the idea of ‘localness’ and the need for closeness should be preferred, (3) Process: The ideal process would be a low Capex or a progressive Capex process and should be energy‐efficient, not use solvents, be without effluents, should limit the number of reactional and purification steps and should be developed rapidly to limit the associated risks and costs. Efforts are still needed for miniaturisation of equipment, intensification and development of continuous reactors, (4) Energy: The chemical industry is also energy intensive. Although less than 10% of fossil carbon is used for the manufacture of chemicals, finding decarbonized sources of energy is mandatory to avoid the depletion of carbon reserves and price increase and to ensure that future generations will have access to the same resource in the same amount, (5) Life cycle assessment: it should be assessed in all cases, the earlier the better, by preferring a ‘cradle to grave’ approach. It should give an accurate picture of the overall economic, environmental and societal performances of a product in an application for a defined market, (6) Education: we should improve public awareness and perception on sustainable chemistry to facilitate the acceptation of sustainable products by the consumer. More education programs should be launched in the future not only to reassure the consumer but also to create a pool of students better armed to tackle the future challenges of (sustainable) chemistry. The rapid development of digital tools should be helpful to address this issue, (7) Network: we should prefer working in an open innovation mode by bringing together the worlds of finance, manufacturers, researchers and public authorities to accelerate the emergence of eco‐designed chemicals on the market. Networks should enable local players to adapt to changes in their environment while optimising their economic and environmental efficiency, (8) Funding: A good balance between funding to applied research and basic research must be addressed in order to continuously generate scientific innovation. However, public authorities must realise that societal challenges are more important than the short term financial challenges faced by businesses. The current model of our economy based on rapid profitability is unfortunately not well adapted for these advances since long‐term investments will be needed for a more sustainable development of our society, (9) Legislation & Regulation: it should facilitate the emergence of sustainable chemicals by banning harmful chemicals for the human health and the environment, even those nowadays generating substantial profits. The registration process of improved sustainable chemicals by the concerned agencies should be quicker than now to speed up their integrations on the market, (10) Predictive methods: the development of tools to accurately predict the technical and application performances, the economic efficiency, the environmental and societal performance of a targeted product should be developed to limit the risks and costs associated with potential failure and to reassure the investors. It is also urgent to develop these tools for chemicals that are intended to be dispersed in nature.